Zoo-Technical Features of Tabun Horses in Almaty Region of Republic of Kazakhstan

Corresponding Author: Shynggys Assilbekov Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Email: shynggys.asilbekov@gmail.com Abstract: This work was attended to improve and show the comparative characteristics of exterior features, assessment of the constitutional type of horses, determination of the direction of the productive profile of mares bred in LLP "AKBOZ" of Almaty region. Horse meat obtained in herd horse breeding contains a high number of nitrogen-containing substances with a reduced content of intramuscular fat. Therefore, horse meat is a dietary product available to a significant part of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Meat herd horse breeding requires minimal costs, since local feed is used for raising animals. An unlimited amount of pasture land significantly contributes not only to an increase in the number of herd horses, but also to an increase in the production of high-value meat-horse meat. The results of individual appraisal showed that modern Kazakh horses of the zhabe type (or toad type) are quite large, have a high live weight. The young growth in measurements and live weight exceeds the corresponding requirements for animals of the I appraisal class. It was found that the greatest increase in live weight in foals was observed from 3 days of age to 1 month and was 40.8 kg in stallions and 40.4 kg in fillies. The average daily increase was 1511 and 1496 g, respectively. From 1 to 6 months of age, the increase in live weight is 84.8 kg in stallions, 83.0 kg in fillies, the average daily increase was 543 and 532, respectively.


Introduction
More than a thousand years ago, on the territory of modern Kazakhstan, nomadic peoples had horses similar to modern Kazakh horses of the toad type (Kargayeva et al., 2020). From ancient times, the horses served nomadic people for riding and as meat and dairy animals. Centuries-old natural selection under the influence of harsh climatic conditions with extensive management of herd horse breeding and artificial selection that meets the requirements for horses in nomadic economy were the main factors in the formation of Kazakh horses (Egorova, 2017). Their valuable advantage was their high adaptability to pasture maintenance throughout the year. The conditions of herd horse breeding have not changed much over the centuries, so Kazakh horses have been preserved without noticeable changes Sataev et al., 2018).
The role of Kazakh horses such as a toad as meat and dairy animals is exceptionally great. To improve the productive qualities of local herd horses, Kazakh toad-type horses are used along with the Kushum and Mugalzhar type of horses. Figure 1 shows Kazakh horses' type zhabe.
Since the mid-1950s, the concept of "meat horse breeding" as a developing sub-sector of horse breeding has become firmly in use. During this period, many animal scientists raise the question not only about increasing the meat productivity of horses, but also about creating specialized breeds and types .
Currently, meat and dairy horse breeding in the Republic is mainly developed due to the breeding of Kazakh horses of the zhabe type (in farms, 70% of milk is obtained from this breed). There are lines and factory types of Kazakh zhabe horses that can be used to improve local herds of kushum breed (Zhumagaliyeva et al., 2015;Akimbekov, 2013). In particular the number of horses has increased over 11 years from 1,235600 in 2007 to 2,300,000 in 2018 The increase amounted to 1 0000 0644 goals or 86,1%. Of all the horses 80% are bred by the herd method and are focused on the production of horse breeding products-breeding stock, horse's meat and horse's milk "kumys". Kumys is an acidic drink made from mare's milk the main trends in the development of productive horse breeding are the growth of the animal population mainly due to domestic breeds of horses of meat and dairy productivity such as kushum type of horse, Mugalzhar and Kazakh horses of the zhabe type. Stallions of these breeds are used as improvers of local populations of herd horses and mares -for thoroughbred breeding. In the future, the number of horses in all regions of Kazakhstan will continue to grow dynamically (Ombaev, 2013).
Increasing the genetic potential of productivity of local Kazakh horses is mainly carried out through the use of proven methods and techniques of breeding, breeding new plant types and lines with high meat and dairy productivity.
Kazakhstan's horse breeding needs to focus on the genetic resources of created high-value genotypes of horse breeds adapted to the specific natural and climatic zone of the South-East of Kazakhstan.
In the conditions of the Almaty region, the kushum type of horse is of particular interest-a massive type, which is the most acceptable for the selection process with the local population of Kazakh horses of the zhabe type. This will allow us to produce high-quality products such as milk and horse meat. This paper's aim is to provide comparitative characteristics of kazakh нorses type zhabe in Almaty region of Republic of Kazakhstan. Comparative characteristics of exterior features, assessment of the constitutional type of horses, determination of the direction of the productive profile of female horses.

Methodology
The research was carried out in the stud farm in Almaty region, engaged in breeding Kazakh horses of the zhabe type and the mugalzhars breed.
Bonitation (assessment) was carried out in accordance with the order of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 27.05.16, No. 239 "Instructions for bonitation (assessment) of the breeding value and reproduction of local and farm horses." The growth rate of stallions and mares was studied on the basis of determining the live weight, by individual weighing at the age of 3 days, 1.3 and 6 months. The live weight of mares and features of the body type are estimated by the results of grading for age groups (3.5, 5.5, 7.5 years). We measured the main body measurements and calculated body indices based on them.
It was studied 763 horses. The main characteristics for the evaluation of horses were as follows:

Results
In the selection and breeding work mass selection has been applied since 2015. Mass selection is carried out according to the following criteria: Measurements of the body, constitutional body type, body weight, adaptive quality. Since 2019, along with mass selection, individual selection has already been carried out. The selection of horses was based on a set of characteristics, ranking horses with low live weight and unsatisfactory adaptability to the herd content. In 2019 carried out the appraisal (bonitation) of horses (Table 1).
It was found that out of 763 heads of rated horses, 309 heads (40.5%) were assigned to the elite class, 324 heads (42.5%) to the I class and 130 heads (17.0%) to the II class. Stallions-producers 22 heads all class elite. All rated livestock of horses are measured and weighed ( Table 2).
The results of individual bonitation showed that Kazakh horses of the toad type are quite large and have a high live weight. Young animals in size and live weight exceed the corresponding requirements for animals of the I bonitation class. Stallions-producers of the Kazakh horse type zhabe on average have a live weight of 461.4±2.6 kg, a height at the withers of 145.2±0.49 cm, an oblique length of the trunk of 151.05±0.64 cm, a chest girth of 184.3±0.75 cm and a pastern girth of 19.5±0.19 cm. On average, horses showed a live weight of 432.1±3.8, a height at the withers of 143.1±0.39 cm, an oblique body length of 149.3±0.48 cm, a chest girth of 180.2±0.42 cm and a pastern girth of 18.5±0.17 cm.
Stallions at 1.5 years of age have a live weight of 325.8±3.8 kg, 2.5 years-405.4±3.1 kg and 3.5 years-442.5±2.9 kg. Fillies showed live weight at 1.5 years of age 309.8±3.9 kg and 2.5 years of age 368.7±3.6 kg.
In 2019, 162 heads of foals were received improved by stallions-producers of the kushum breed (40 heads per 100 stallions). The study of the growth and development of foals was carried out. The main criteria were age and seasonal changes in live weight and body measurements of young animals (Table 3).    The obtained data allow us to specialize in the meat sector in order to increase the export potential of domestic horse breeding (Baimukanov et al., 2017).
Improved foals of the Kazakh horse zhabe differ in high live weight at birth. Stallions at birth have a live weight of 48.7±1.87 kg, fillies 47.2±1.62 kg. When reaching the age of three months, the live weight of stallions and mares increases 1.7 times.
It was found that the greatest increase in live weight in foals born in 2018 was observed from 3 days of age to 1 month and was 40.8 kg in stallions and 40.4 kg in fillies. The average daily increase was 1511 and 1496, respectively. From 1 month to 6 months of age, the increase in live weight is 84.8 kg in stallions, 83.0 kg in fillies, the average daily increase was 543 and 532, respectively.
By the live weight of foals, it is not always possible to determine in which direction the animal's body is developing. The answer to this question is given by studying changes in exterior features during development. In the postnatal period, the higher growth energy of foals is noted in the axial and weaker in the peripheral parts of the body. If from 3 day to 6 months of age the measurements of height at withers increased the by 26.0 colts and fillies 26,2 cm, metacarpus 4.0 and 3.7 cm, the measurements of the oblique length of the trunk increased by 33.2 and 31.9 cm, bust 27.9 and 25.6 cm, respectively. Thus, the most intensive growth of all body parts in foals occurred in the first six months of life.
To fully characterize the overall development of young animals, the body indices of foals were determined (Table 4).
In summer and winter time, horses reduce their fatness, therefore, for the uninterrupted production of horse meat, in addition to the spring and autumn feeding, horse fattening is practiced regardless of age. Summer fattening was held from July 3 to September 3. Stallions were put on fattening at the age of 1 year and 2 years of age. Winter fattening was held from November 5 to January 5 for foals at the age of 6, 18, 30 months.
Fattening of horses was conducted with regard to their live weight and fatness. The conditions of keeping colts of all ages were the same.        The main diet consisted of fodder available on the farm: Steppe hay (konirbas), winter rye of milkywax ripeness and crushed phenomenon. Their quality was satisfactory. The composition and nutritional value of the rations are given in Table 5.
Per 100 kg of live weight there was used 2.44 kg of dry matter of the ration for 12-month-old stallions, 2.09 kg of DM for 24-month-olds during the summer fattening, for 6-month-old foals -1.97 kg of DM, for 18-monthold stallions -2.03 kg of DM during the winter fattening. Per 1 kg of the gained live weight, 4.1 feed units were consumed for 12 monthly stallions, 6.06 feed units for 24-month-olds, 6.7 feed units for 6-month-old stallions, 4.7 feed units for 18-month-olds and 7.8 feed units for 30-month-old stallions.
Stallions of different ages showed different growth rates during the fattening period (Table 6).
For 60 days of fattening, the live weight gain per head, on average, in 12 monthly stallions was 45.8 kg or 19.7% to the preliminary weight, in 24 monthly foals -41.6 kg or 15.2% and in 6 monthly ones -47.3 kg. or 26.1; in 18month-old stallions -40.7 kg. or 15.5 and in 30-montholds -37.5 or 10.8% to the preliminary weight. The greatest average daily gains were in 6 monthly foals -788.3 g, then in 12 monthly foals -763.3 g.
The results obtained will allow in the future to develop a comprehensive system for increasing the productivity and improving the breeding qualities of farm animals, on the example of AKBOZ LLP.

Discussion
The results of research have shown that the increase in the size index with age is due to a higher intensity of growth of the oblique length of the trunk, rather than the height at the withers. High growth of the chest girth index due to a higher energy of growth of the trunk in depth and width and the metacarpal bones in thickness, than the growth of the bones of the thoracic limb in length. A high massiveness index in foals is associated with a preemptive increase in body weight over the growth of foals in height and length.
Furthermore, we want to characterize other and the same horse breeds that were raised in other regions or under different breeding conditions for comparison with the horses studied in our work. Mongush and Yuldashbaev (2018)  The work established that the average daily growth was on average from birth to 2.5 years 368.3-372.0 g and during the period of bending two-year-olds-701.7-708.9 g and the live weight at birth is 37.4±1.5 kg.
At the same time, horses in the Almaty region outnumber competitors from the Mangistau region. This is primarily due to its geophysical features, as the Almaty region is rich in natural greenery and many mountains and the average devastation of sediments in the year is more than a mountain and the live weight at birth is 48.7±1.87 kg.
It has been established that the largest plant of the living mass in the lottery in 2018. observed from 3-x daily age to 1 month was 40.8 kg in stallions and 40.4 kg in mares. The average daily growth rate was 1511 and 1496 respectively. From 1 month to 6 months of age, the growth of live mass is 84.8 kg in stallions, 83.0 kg in foals, the average daily growth was 543 and 532 g, respectively.
Omarov (2013) reported the quantitative and qualitative composition of stallions and kobyl Seletinsky plant type different lines of the horse plant. The height of the stallion producers is 145.1±0.2 cm, the length of the torso is 151.7±0.3 cm, the circumference of the breast is 184.9±0.4 cm, the circumference of the pelvis is 19.7±0.1 cm, live weight was 471.0±1.7 kg.
In the Pavlodar area the main improvement of local horses of productive direction is the Seletin factory type of Kazakh horses, created in 2010. On the horse factory "Altai Karpyk Saidaly Sarytoka" of the Irtysh area. In connection with this, in increasing the production of horse breeding in the Pavlodar region used more productive factory lines Braslet, Zadornogo and Pamir, well adapted to the conditions of the annual pastoraltebenevochno. It should be noted that the Seletin plant type of Kazakh horses, bred in the harsh conditions of the Pavlodar region, differs from the local Kazakh horses by a much higher live mass, large herds of sheep and goats, good grazing.
And our stallion producers have a height of 145.2±0.49 cm in the neck, a longitudinal length of the torso 151.05±0.64 cm, a girth of the breast 184.3±0.75 cm, a girth of the pelvis 19.5±0.19. cm, living mass was 461.4±2.6 kg. The results are not particularly different. Because the nature of the Almaty and Pavlodar regions is not particularly different. Both areas are rich in their own green grasses.
Growth and development indices of the Kazakh horses of Jabe type are expressed in intensive growth with favorable seasons of the year and slowdown in growth during the unfavorable seasons. At the same time, the difference in growth and development between stallions and fillies is insignificant.
Young stock of Kazakh horses of different ages during the period of feeding and intensive fattening is well added in live weight. With spring feeding, 12 months old foals gain 40.6 kg in live weight, 24 months old ones -35.2 kg. During the autumn feeding period, 6 months old foals increase their live weight on 46.3 kg, 18 months old foals-on 37.2 kg and 30 monthly -35.1 kg.
During the fattening, the increase in live weight was 47.3 kg in 6-month-old stallions, 45.8 kg in 12-monthold stallions, 40.7 kg in 18-month-olds, 41.6 kg in 24month-olds and 5 kg in 30 month-olds.
Similar results were obtained in the article «Оn meat productivity of young kazakh horses of the jabe type on the mangyshlak peninsula».

Conclusion
With year-round maintenance of horses on the pasture in the conditions of the genetic potential of animals by live weight was 66.7 kg in stallions and 48.8 kg in mares higher than in commercial farms. When studying the growth and development of foals, it was found that the highest average daily growth of 1511 and 1496 g is observed from 3 years of age to 1 month of age. When studying changes in exterior features during the development of foals from 3 to 6 months of age, it was found that a higher growth energy of foals was observed in the axial and weaker in the peripheral parts of the body. With the General development of foals, the most intensive growth is the oblique length of the trunk rather than the height at the withers. There is also a high massiveness index due to the high increase in body weight than the height at the withers.
The Kazakh horse zhabe is a specialized breed of herd horses, capable of intensively increasing live weight during the feeding period and producing high quality meat, regardless of its belonging to the population or offspring.