Impacts of the Quota System on Afro-Brazilians/Indigenous Education and Brazil's National Interest

Abstract

Despite Brazil's cultural diversity and the significant presence of Afro-Brazilians and indigenous people, who collectively make up 56% of the population, disparities persist in economic empowerment, political influence, and representation. In response, the Brazilian government enacted the Quota Law in 2012, reserving 50% of admissions slots in federal universities for Afro-Brazilians, indigenous people, and individuals from low-income backgrounds to enhance diversity and social inclusion in higher education. However, ten years after its implementation, questions have arisen regarding its effectiveness, particularly concerning education quality and social mobility. This study aimed to measure the impacts of the Quota System on Afro-Brazilians/Indigenous education and Brazil's national interest. The study involved 500 participants, the majority of whom were beneficiaries of the law, with over 98% confirming their status. Afro Brazilians comprised 87.3% of respondents, indicating the law's targeted impact. Additionally, over 75% of respondents are currently employed, with more than half making a salary of more than R$5000. However, the survey revealed a lack of representation in STEM fields among beneficiaries, suggesting an area for future focus. The Quota System has led to a significant increase in enrollment and graduation rates among Afro Brazilians and indigenous students, but challenges remain in terms of academic performance and retention. Beneficiaries have experienced improved socioeconomic outcomes, including higher employment rates, increased wages, and greater upward mobility, contributing to a more diverse and inclusive workforce in Brazil, crucial for economic growth and social development. Unfortunately, Afro-Brazilians and women are still underrepresented in executive positions in most Brazilian companies, indicating the need for further efforts in this area.