Distribution, Arrangement and Interconnectedness Of Cell Surface Receptor sites in the body of an Organism

Cell surface receptors have been identified as the sites of disease infectivity in living organisms in a previous study. Drugs used for the treatment o r cure of infections have to eliminate infections through attacking infective organisms at the cell surface receptors to which the infective organisms are attached. Problem statement: The present study examines a wide sample of living things to get more information on the relationship of one cell surface receptor to other cell surface receptors in the body of an organism. Approach: The arrangement of cell surface receptors on the external covering of a few samples of fruits, leave s, stems, dry wood of a plant; wall gecko and some parts of the human body, were examined and photogra phed. Transverse and/or Longitudinal sections of soursop fruit and sycamore fruit were also exami ned and photographed. The five different coverings of the fleshy part of a coconut were also photograp hed. The photographs were studied to note the relationship of disease infection attached to cell surface receptors on the external surface of an org an to disease infection on the innermost covering of the same organ. Results: The results of the study showed that all living things had ubiquitous distri bution of cell surface receptors which are usually observable with the unaided eye as dots or spots on he external covering of an organ, tissue or cell. The dots or receptor sites of cell surface receptor s in the study are arranged in lines which were perpendicular, oblique, transverse or arranged in a ny other lineal geometrical form. The lineally arranged cell surface receptors were noted to be co nnected by grooves, channels or pipes which joined other receptor channels or intersected with them. S aller cell surface receptor channels emptied into bigger channels or continued as small sized channel s that ran side by side in a connective tissue bundle. These connective tissue bundles that carrie d many independent small-sized cell surface receptor channels joined up to form larger bundles that ran the whole length of the organism. In this way, the cell surface receptors in a locality were interconnect through bigger receptor channel highways to cell surface receptors in other remote parts of the body. This arrangement was illustrated by the sycamore fruit and the soursop fruit. The re sults of the study also showed that cell surface receptors have functional zonal units with other ce ll surface receptors which were delimited by cell surface receptor channels. The zoning system of cel l surface receptors meant that an infection or a drug treatment of an infection would affect all the cell surface receptors of the same functional unit to the same degree. The cell surface receptor site was raised up when a disease infection at the site was being attacked by a body defence substance of an ex ogenous drug. Some cell surface receptors were damaged or obliterated or damaged by disease. Exami nation of different layers of the coconut fruit coverings showed that cell surface receptors traver se all external and internal coverings of an organ or organism no matter the hardness of the covering. They also showed that a disease infection at the outer covering of an organ passes through any numbe r of coverings of that organ to infect the inside of that organ. Cell surface receptors can be destro yed by disease and infective agents still use cell surface receptors to destroy the remains of an orga nism after the organic death of the organism. Conclusion: From the findings of this study the researcher con cludes that cell surface receptors are ubiquitous in living plants and animals; are arrang ed lineally in receptor channels; have anatomical a nd physiologic functional units; have a smaller and a bigger reactive head; are the receptors of the main endogenous mediator of an organism’s normal body fu nctioning/body’s defence and are interconnected by a systematic network of receptor channels.


INTRODUCTION
Despite the tremendous advances in modern scientific health care and drug treatment of disease many health problems like diabetes, cancer, tuberculosis and even fungal infections elude total cure and eradication in victims. This fact suggests that there may be some basic facts about health/illness and drug treatment 0f disease that still need to be understood. As nature itself is a great teacher, this study examined the patterns of disease infectivity on the body of living things to draw conclusions on the common sites of disease infectivity and their relationship to other parts of the same organ or organism (Abu-Jayyab, 2009; Barret and Blanc, 2009;Gottschalk et al., 2005;Guruswamy and Benbrook, 2006;Hyde and Benbrook, 2006;Kumar, 2009;Lam et al., 2010;Liakou et al., 2007;Lu et al., 2010;Lundholm, 1985;Memo et al., 1985;Menard et al., 2008).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Specimens of various healthy and infected plant parts and samples of wood, wall-gecko and parts of the human body were examined with the unaided eye to note the presence or absence of cell surface receptors, the relationship of the cell surface receptors to other cell surface receptors of the same organism [or organ] and the relationship of disease infectivity located in the cell surface receptors of a part of that organism to other parts of that organism.

RESULTS
A close observation of healthy and infected plant fruits; Stems; leaves; dry wood; coconut fibers, nut, pericarp, mesocarp and endocarp; longitudinally and transversely cut sycamore and soursop fruits; the skin of a wall gecko and human skin in the picture gallery [with the unaided eye] showed that all living things have cell surface receptors [plate1-58]. They also showed that these cell surface receptors were linearly arranged in various directions and were the sites of disease infection of the organism.
They results of the study were also that the cell surface receptors were connected to their neighbors [along the same, linear arrangement] through receptor channels [in which the receptors were immersed]. Larger interconnecting receptor channel pathways connected local receptor channels to other local receptor channels of other parts of the same organism [30-35; 16, 48, 49, 41, 43, 44, 45, 58].
The results of the study also showed that cell surface receptors form functional zonal units with other cell surface receptors. These functional unit zones were delimited by cell surface receptor channels [plates 57, 41, 43, 42, 55, 56, 1, 2, 3, 7, 6, 29, 51]. From the examples shown by the three innermost coverings of the coconut endocarp, a cell surface receptor can form functional units with many cell surface receptors which are some distant away from it. This zoning system of cell surface receptors showed that an infection affected all the cell surface receptors of the same functional unit to the same degree. Similarly, a drug applied to a cell surface receptor functional unit, was sent to reach all the cell surface receptors in that functional at the same time [50,19].
The disease infection patterns on the different layers of the coconut fruit coverings [plate 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43 showed that cell surface receptors traverse all external and internal coverings of an organ or organism no matter the hardness of the covering. It also showed that a disease infection at the outer covering of an organ or tissue that is enclosed in many coverings infects every one of the coverings in exactly the same pattern.
The disease infection and wood plank destruction patterns seen in plates 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 demonstrated that an organ/ organism is destroyed along the cell surface receptors and their channels. They also demonstrated that an organism is finally decimated by destructive action of infective agents attached to the cell surface receptors of the remains of that organism after the organism has undergone organic death.
The cell surface receptor site was found to have two reactive heads marked 1, 2 in plates 53, 26 and 28.

DISCUSSION
A study noted that dihydroartemisinin interacted with specific parasite proteins. This is an indication that dihydroartemisinin interacted with cell surface receptors on the parasite membrane. A number of studies have connected the development of organ toxicity (Tripathi et al., 2010) and cancer to certain receptors (Sato et al., 2005;Seggewiss et al., 2008;Weshi et al., 2007;Mustjoki et al., 2007;Filipovich et al., 1994;Suzuki et al., 2005;Galustian et al., 2009;Farag et al., 2002;Morre et al., 2008). These receptors involved in organ toxicity; in cancer or in other body disorders/diseases are cell surface receptors (Utoh-Nedosa and .
The findings of this study confirm that all living plants and animals maintain the status of being alive through the normal and defensive actions of an endogenous body defence substance on its receptors which are cell surface receptors (Utoh-Nedosa and . These receptors are strategically placed on the surface of coverings of an organ, a tissue or a cell to fence off biochemical or physical agent that endanger the life of an organism.
Another previously unknown finding of this study is that cell surface receptors have anatomical functional units and can operate in several functional units. A study in rats with dihydroartemisinin showed that dihydroartemisinin made two types of inhibitory occupations on the cells of the heart muscles; a B 1adrnoceptor occupation of the myocardium and the cells of the smooth muscles lining the walls of coronary blood vessels; and a B 2 -adrenorceptor occupation of nodal tissues and haemopoietic stem cells of the heart . These findings confirm that cell surface operate in functional units. The present study confirmed that o reactive heads and that the size of one of the reactive heads is half the size of the other reactive head [plate 53].

CONCLUSION
The conclusions of this study about cell surface receptors are that cell surface receptors: • Ubiquitous in living plants and animals • Arranged lineally in receptor channels • Anatomical and physiologic functional units and delimited zones • One smaller and one bigger reactive head • The receptors of the main endogenous mediator of an organism's normal body functioning and mediator of body's defense • Interconnected by well organized systematic network of receptor channels