An Exoplanet has Smothering Stratosphere without Water

Corresponding Author: Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu ARoTMM-IFToMM, Bucharest Polytechnic University, Bucharest, (CE), Romania E-mail: scipub02@gmail.com Abstract: In some earlier works, the authors of the present study have shown that a modern ship should resemble a UFO, an accelerated particle jet propulsion with a particle accelerator on board the ship, accelerating to the very best big. The problem as an idea is clear and simple, but the current technologies we have in the field of fixed particle circular accelerators with which we are working for about 50-60 years on earth are very backward. Here we are somewhere at the beginning of the circular particle accelerator era, in the sense that although we have built such bigger and stronger devices, the technologies used resemble those of the 1960s, so to get huge energies is not enough to prepare more particle passes, but to increase the diameter of the accelerator permanently. This prevents the real construction of a modern circular accelerator of mobile particles that can be mounted on a modern land-based ship. The electronics of the last 20 years have brought some improvements, particularly visible to CERN, but they are still insignificant, so for the development of very powerful, accelerators that can generate particle flows capable of moving an ultra modern ship is still there a long way. I have also stated in other papers in this field that due to the current situation, in order not to waste too much time waiting for our physicists and specialists in electronics to successfully solve these inconveniences that have been dragging in the 1960s, it is necessary to quickly orient ourselves to ships propelled with modern lasers, very strong and especially with very high frequencies, repeating the impulses once every 10-15 s. Modern lasers can quickly pull us out of this impasse and help us build modern, dreamlike ships that reach speeds close to that of light in the best conditions. Until fusion nuclear reactors are well established, we can also use fission power combined with photovoltaic stellar energy. NASA has a note of 10 with congratulations because it has managed to create powerful photovoltaic nets capable of capturing very large energies, concentrated from the dim light of the cosmos from the various stars. At the moment, the most important thing is to build ultra-fast, modern, maneuverable ships to begin exploring our solar system quickly, then our galaxy and finally the universe. We need a star fleet to navigate the entire space of our galaxy quickly, to travel to different stars, planets, satellites, to begin exploring in real time the real universe and then the farthest. Let's start moving to the exoplanets already discovered in real time. For starters, a speed close to that of light will be enough until we are able to find a way to move faster. Energy is another important objective for conquering space. We need energy not only to move ourselves kidnapped through interstellar space, but also to build bases on different planets or satellites, or to begin grounding important planets close to us. A first planet that will need to be tertiary immediately is our neighbor Mars.

Abstract: In some earlier works, the authors of the present study have shown that a modern ship should resemble a UFO, an accelerated particle jet propulsion with a particle accelerator on board the ship, accelerating to the very best big. The problem as an idea is clear and simple, but the current technologies we have in the field of fixed particle circular accelerators with which we are working for about 50-60 years on earth are very backward. Here we are somewhere at the beginning of the circular particle accelerator era, in the sense that although we have built such bigger and stronger devices, the technologies used resemble those of the 1960s, so to get huge energies is not enough to prepare more particle passes, but to increase the diameter of the accelerator permanently. This prevents the real construction of a modern circular accelerator of mobile particles that can be mounted on a modern land-based ship. The electronics of the last 20 years have brought some improvements, particularly visible to CERN, but they are still insignificant, so for the development of very powerful, accelerators that can generate particle flows capable of moving an ultra modern ship is still there a long way. I have also stated in other papers in this field that due to the current situation, in order not to waste too much time waiting for our physicists and specialists in electronics to successfully solve these inconveniences that have been dragging in the 1960s, it is necessary to quickly orient ourselves to ships propelled with modern lasers, very strong and especially with very high frequencies, repeating the impulses once every 10-15 s. Modern lasers can quickly pull us out of this impasse and help us build modern, dreamlike ships that reach speeds close to that of light in the best conditions. Until fusion nuclear reactors are well established, we can also use fission power combined with photovoltaic stellar energy. NASA has a note of 10 with congratulations because it has managed to create powerful photovoltaic nets capable of capturing very large energies, concentrated from the dim light of the cosmos from the various stars. At the moment, the most important thing is to build ultra-fast, modern, maneuverable ships to begin exploring our solar system quickly, then our galaxy and finally the universe. We need a star fleet to navigate the entire space of our galaxy quickly, to travel to different stars, planets, satellites, to begin exploring in real time the real universe and then the farthest. Let's start moving to the exoplanets already discovered in real time. For starters, a speed close to that of light will be enough until we are able to find a way to move faster. Energy is another important objective for conquering space. We need energy not only to move ourselves kidnapped through interstellar space, but also to build bases on different planets or satellites, or to begin grounding important planets close to us. A first planet that will need to be tertiary immediately is our neighbor Mars.

Introduction
On Earth, ozone absorbs UV in the stratosphere, protecting our world from much of the harmful radiation of the Sun. For a stratospheric exoplaner, the absorbent is usually considered to be a molecule like titanium oxide, a near-titanium dioxide relative to Earth as a paint pigment and a sunscreen.
Researchers analyzed the data collected for the WASP-18b (Fig. 1), located at 325 light-years from Earth, as part of a survey to find exoplanets with the stratosphere. The heavy planet, which has ten times the mass of the planet Jupiter, has been observed repeatedly, allowing astronomers to accumulate a relatively large volume of data. This study analyzed five eclipses from Hubble's archived data and two from Spitzer.
From light emitted by the planet's atmosphere to infrared wavelengths, beyond the visible region, it is possible to identify spectral watermarks and other important molecules. The analysis has revealed the typical WASP-18b footprint, which does not resemble any exoplanet examined so far. To determine which of the molecules were most likely to match it, the team performed computerized modeling.
"The only consistent explanation of the data is a carbon monoxide overlap and very few water vapors in the WASP-18b atmosphere, in addition to the presence of a stratosphere," said Nikku Madhusudhan, co-author of the University of Cambridge, UK. This rare combination of factors opens a new window in our understanding of physical and chemical processes in exoplanetary atmospheres.
The results show that WASP-18b has hot carbon monoxide in the stratosphere and cooler carbon monoxide in the atmosphere below, called the troposphere. The team determined this by detecting two types of carbon monoxide signatures, an absorption signature at a wavelength of about 1.6 microns and an emission signature at about 4.5 microns. This is the first time scientists have detected both types of fingerprints for a single type of molecule in an exoplanet atmosphere.
In theory, another possibility for observations is carbon dioxide, which has a similar fingerprint. Researchers have decided this because if there is enough oxygen available to form carbon dioxide, the atmosphere should also have water vapor.
To produce spectral impressions seen by the team, the top atmosphere of WASP-18b should be loaded with carbon monoxide. Compared to other planets similar to Jupiter, the atmosphere of this planet could contain 300 times more "metals" or heavier elements than hydrogen and helium. This extremely high metality would indicate that WASP-18b could have accumulated larger amounts of solid frost during its formation than Jupiter, suggesting it might not have been formed in the way other hot Jupiters were made. from Earth, has a stratosphere that's loaded with carbon monoxide but has no signs of water "The expected launch of the James Webb Space Telescope and other future space observers will provide us with the opportunity to continue research with even more powerful tools and continue exploring the huge range of exoplanets," said Avi Mandell, a scientist in the Goddard exodus field and the second author of the work (Zubritsky, 2017;Aversa et al., 2017a;2016e;2016f;2016g;2016h;2016i;2016j;2016k;2016l;2016m;2016n;2016o;Berto et al., 2016a;Mirsayar et al., 2017;2013a;2013b;2013c;2013d;2012a;2012b;2012c;2012d;2011a;2011b;Petrescu, 2016;2012a;2012b;2009;Petrescu and Calautit, 2016a;Petrescu et al., 2017a;2017f;2017g;2017h;2017i;2017j;2017k;2017l).

Materials and Methods
WASP-18 is a magnitude 9 star located in the southern hemisphere Phoenix constellation. It has a mass of 1.25 masses of sun.
In 2009, the SuperWASP project announced that an extra-large planet type Jupiter, WASP-18b, was in orbit very close to this star.
Observations from the Chandra observer have failed to find WASP-18 X-rays and it is believed that this is caused by the destruction of the magnetic field of the star by reducing the convection in the star atmosphere. Tidal forces on the planet can also explain the higher quantities of lithium measured in previous WASP-18 optical studies.
WASP-18b is an extrasolar planet that is notable for an orbital period of less than a day. It has a mass equal to 10 Jupiter masses, just below the boundary line between planets and brown dwarfs, about 13 Jupiter masses. Due to the tidal deceleration, it is expected to approach and eventually merge with the host star, WASP-18, in less than a million years. The planet is about 3.1 million kilometers (1.9 million miles) from its star, which is about 325 light years away from Earth. It was discovered by a team led by Coel Hellier, professor of astrophysics at Keele University in England.
Keele scientists and the University of Maryland are trying to understand if the discovery of this planet so short of its expected disappearance (with less than 0.1% of the remaining lifetime) was forcible or if tide dissipation By WASP-18 is actually much less effective than astrophysics usually suppose. Observations made over the next decade should determine the rate at which the WASP-18b orbit decomposes.
The closest example of a similar situation in the solar system is Phobos moon of Mars. Phobos orbits Mars at a distance of just 9,000 km, 40 times closer to the Earth than Earth and is expected to be destroyed in about eleven million years.

WASP or Wide Angle Search for Planets is an international
consortium of several academic organizations with the task of conducting repetitive ultrawide angle searches for the obvious purpose of finding exoplanets using the procedure called transit photometry. It is equipped with a range of robotic telescopes to watch the entire sky simultaneously, instantly monitoring and at the same time many thousands of stars with a visible visual magnitude from 7 to 13.
WASP is an Isaac Newton, IAC and six other UK universities space detection program. There are two large observatories that operate continuously, robotic, to cover at the same time both the Northern and the Southern hemisphere. The SuperWASP North is positioned at the Roque de Los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma in Canary Island, Spain, while South WASP is located on the site of the South African Astronomical Observatory near Sutherland, South Africa. Each of the two observers uses eight wide angle cameras that simultaneously monitor the sky for planetary transit events and allow the monitoring of millions of stars simultaneously, allowing for the detection of very rare transit events.
The instruments used use Doppler spectroscopy for tracking characterization and to determine the mass of the exoplanet, including the HARPS spectrograph of the ESO telescope of 3.6 m and the Euler Swiss Telescope, both located at La Silla Observatory in Chile.
Due to its special features, the new WASP project was also adopted by the Next Generation Transit Study. Starting in 2016, the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia database contains a total of 2,107 extrasolar planets, 118 of which are discovered using the WASP system. Each of the two robotized and automated WASP (Northern and Southern) giant observer giant observatories consists of a range of eight Canon 200 mm f1.8 lenses, supported by 2048×2048 high-quality CCDs, the model being used iKon-L manufactured by Andor Technology. Telescopes are mounted on a telescopic pole, built by Optical Mechanics Inc. Canon's high field of vision provides each observer with a massive sky coverage of 490 square degrees per point.
If in the past we were thinking of spending a lot of money on devices designed to capture a possible alien signal, here we are several steps ahead and we no longer wait for someone or something to give us something or to be helped or to have some luck to give us a sign somewhere. Today we are well anchored in reality and we want to look for ourselves the possible living planets in the whole universe. There were skeptics who taught us that there are no other planets in the universe and our unique planet is the only habitable place. Not just the periods in which mankind stood in the dark, or it was pastored with the fear of not seeking, were heavy for all, but even the modern age in which much was lost with expectations, more than with concrete actions, as we are doing them more and more today. We have just woken up from a sleep like the beautiful ones in the sleeping forest and realize that we can and that we have to move, act, conquer the universe we are in, because we already have many of the necessary technologies already put in place to the point and we have all the forces in unison, ready to act on a single favorable signal. The purpose of man to conquer the cosmic space, the surrounding universe and then it begins to be done, little by little but surely. We finally awakened from our dreams and we decided to take our fate into our hands. I realized that man is not meant to just eat, drink and possibly spend. Today more than ever we realize that we must define ourselves as humanity, fulfill ourselves and stretch ourselves to new, mature, important goals. We need technology, government and planetary funds, new modern ships with special capabilities, strong stationary and mobile telescopes, increasingly fast communications, robots and weapons capable of helping us with this important step, exploring and conquering the universe. The important thing is that we already started.
WASP observers constantly monitor the sky by performing one set of images approximately once per minute (probably the pace will be even faster in the future), managing to collect up to about 100 gigabytes of data in one night. Due to the use of the transit method, all data collected by WASP systems can be used to measure the luminosity of each star for each image and so can be searched for small diminutions of brightness caused by large planets that pass through the front stars.
One of WASP's main goals on the lamga discovery of exoplanets was to revolutionize the understanding of planet formation, thus preparing the way for future new space missions that will search for worlds similar to those of the Earth.
On September 26, 2006, the team reported the discovery of two extrasolar planets: WASP-1b (orbiting 6 million kilometers from stars once every 2.5 days) and WASP-2b (orbiting 4.5 million km of star once 2 days).
On October 31, 2007, the team reported the discovery of three extrasolar planets: WASP-3b, WASP-4b and WASP-5b. All three planets are similar to the Jovian mass and are so close to the stars that their orbital periods are all less than two days old. These are among the shortest orbital periods discovered. Surface temperatures of the planets should be higher than 2000 degrees Celsius, due to short distances to the stars. The WASP-4b and WASP-5b are the first planets discovered by the WASP cameras in South Africa, while WASP-3b is the third planet discovered by the WASP project rooms in La Palma.
In August 2009, the WASP-17b discovery, considered to be the first planet discovered in orbit in the opposite direction of its star, WASP-17, was announced.
WASP 1 is a metal-rich star of magnitude 12, located in the Andromeda constellation at about 1,240 lightyears away from Earth.
WASP-8 is a 9.9 magnitude yellow star at 160 light years from Terra. It is believed to be a G-star with a temperature of 5600 K, a mass of 0.93 masses of sun, a radius of 0.93 sunshine and a brightness of 0.79 of sunlight.
The star is orbited by two known extrasolar planets, called WASP-8b and WASP-8c. They were cataloged as part of the SuperWASP mission and were discovered by the astronomical transit method. WASP-8c has the longest orbital period of any WASP-discovered exoplanet with a 4323-day period, over 400 times greater than that of WASP-117b with a 10.02-day period.
WASP-8b radius and mass measurements give it an estimated density of 2.53 g/cm 3 , approximately double the density of Jupiter.
About 30-40 years ago we were believed to be alone in the Universe and here we have just begun research and over 2100 planets have been discovered to be inhabited, at different distances from Earth, somewhere in the Universe. Research has accelerated considerably and will continue to accelerate. We now have performance systems for this purpose. Super terrestrial telescopes, other mobile telescopes mounted on ships long gone into outer space. Probably in the future we will mount powerful telescopes on satellites or even on other planets.
The need to build ultra-fast ships quickly pushes us from the back, so research is now much advanced in several countries of the world, starting with the US, UK, Canada, France, Germany, China, Russia, Italy.

Discussion
In some earlier works, the authors of the present study have shown that a modern ship should resemble a UFO, an accelerated particle jet propulsion with a particle accelerator on board the ship, accelerating to the very best big. The problem as an idea is clear and simple, but the current technologies we have in the field of fixed particle circular accelerators with which we are working for about 50-60 years on earth are very backward. Here we are somewhere at the beginning of the circular particle accelerator era, in the sense that although we have built such bigger and stronger devices, the technologies used resemble those of the 1960s, so to get huge energies is not enough to prepare more particle passes, but to increase the diameter of the accelerator permanently. This prevents the real construction of a modern circular accelerator of mobile particles that can be mounted on a modern land-based ship. The electronics of the last 20 years have brought some improvements, particularly visible to CERN, but they are still insignificant, so for the development of very powerful, accelerators that can generate particle flows capable of moving an ultra modern ship is still there a long way. I have also stated in other papers in this field that due to the current situation, in order not to waste too much time waiting for our physicists and specialists in electronics to successfully solve these inconveniences that have been dragging in the 1960s, it is necessary to quickly orient ourselves to ships propelled with modern lasers, very strong and especially with very high frequencies, repeating the impulses once every 10-15 s.
Modern lasers can quickly pull us out of this impasse and help us build modern, dreamlike ships that reach speeds close to that of light in the best conditions. Until fusion nuclear reactors are well established, we can also use fission power combined with photovoltaic stellar energy. NASA has a note of 10 with congratulations because it has managed to create powerful photovoltaic nets capable of capturing very large energies, concentrated from the dim light of the cosmos from the various stars.
At the moment, the most important thing is to build ultra-fast, modern, maneuverable ships to begin exploring our solar system quickly, then our galaxy and finally the universe.
We need a star fleet to navigate the entire space of our galaxy quickly, to travel to different stars, planets, satellites, to begin exploring in real time the real universe and then the farthest. Let's start moving to the exoplanets already discovered in real time. For starters, a speed close to that of light will be enough until we are able to find a way to move faster.
Energy is another important objective for conquering space. We need energy not only to move ourselves kidnapped through interstellar space, but also to build bases on different planets or satellites, or to begin grounding important planets close to us. A first planet that will need to be tertiary immediately is our neighbor Mars.

Conclusion
At the moment, the most important thing is to build ultra-fast, modern, maneuverable ships to begin exploring our solar system quickly, then our galaxy and finally the universe.
We need a star fleet to navigate the entire space of our galaxy quickly, to travel to different stars, planets, satellites, to begin exploring in real time the real universe and then the farthest. Let's start moving to the exoplanets already discovered in real time. For starters, a speed close to that of light will be enough until we are able to find a way to move faster.
Energy is another important objective for conquering space. We need energy not only to move ourselves kidnapped through interstellar space, but also to build bases on different planets or satellites, or to begin grounding important planets close to us. A first planet that will need to be tertiary immediately is our neighbor Mars.