INVESTIGATING THE STANDARD PROCESS OF INCINERATION IN LANGKAWI ISLAND, MALAYSIA

Development activities and increasing urbanization have direct impact on solid waste generation, especially in municipalities of the developing coun tries, which poses a major challenge to the authori ties. Many various technologies and strategies can be use d in the field of garbage procedures. Incineration is a well-organized approach and tool to decrease the vo lume of waste and insist for additional landfill ar e . One of the important benefits of using the incinera tion is its ability to decrease a significant amoun t of waste combustibles by 80 to 95%. Controlling air po llution in the process of using the incineration po ses a challenge for solid waste disposal. The data util ized in this article include personal interview of the experts handling the incineration process in Langka wi and personal observation. Secondary data obtaine d from the Ministry of Housing and Local Government w as used to investigate the external air pollution from using the incinerator in Langkawi. The results showed, through the analysis of raw data with SPSS IBM 19 and Pearson correlation analysis and identif y cluster of dendrogram generated by UPGMA, an external pollution minimum (p<0.05) between samplin g sites inside the incinerator. The reasons for the difference are related to untimely and inappropriat e opening of the combustion chamber door, exorbitance blowing and improper use of the install ed air pollution control devices. The proper treatm ent of solid waste is very crucial, especially in Langk awi Island which is a tourist destination. The use of incinerator can enhance solid waste treatment, but only when the standard operating procedure is observed. Without properly observing the procedure, the use of an incinerator can cause more environmental and personal health issues like air p ollution and the releasing of hazardous waste and clinical waste s into the landfill. These are some of the reasons that motivated this study to investi gate the use of incineration in Langkawi Island.


INTRODUCTION
It is a fact that the environment has been affected by solid waste generated at homes, workplaces and industrial setups (Adzimah and Anthony, 2009). Whenever new machinery is compared with the traditional way of Solid Waste (SW) management, the new one appears to be better in terms of its ability to reduce the volume of solid waste. By that way, high environmental standard will be ensured, thereby protecting the ecosystem including the safety of human beings. With the growing quantity of SW and the scarcity of land, related costs to landfill are increasing, especially in the urban areas and islands. Thus, this is the reason for the need to use advanced techniques in waste management and the use incinerator is one of them. Incinerator has the potential to use the energy generated or produced from SW.
Incinerator has been used widely for over a century in developed countries. The incinerator has been equipped Science Publications AJES with simple disposal components that have the ability to decrease volumes of waste, improve hygiene in the surrounding area and enhance waste-to-energy units through comprehensive procedures and the control of emission systems Christensen (2010). Therefore, incinerator unit modifies toxic waste into residues and produces fly ash and gas as its products. Emissions from the incinerator and the acid flue gases it produced for the duration of combustion display a contamination source that should be controlled (Bodenan and Deniard, 2003) because of the high toxic nature of these gases. Some of the important benefits that associated with the use incineration include: Improve waste transfer with less emissions, reduce the weight of waste which has effectively no ability to produce methane when disposed in landfills, and the ash produced in incinerator process has mainly inorganic material which is in a stable form and can be recycled to make money. Thus, incineration may be considered as a landfill pretreatment (Smith et al., 2001).
The main motivation behind the incineration technology is to generate useable energy while reducing the waste amount, thus making its use as a waste disposal method much more attractive. Recovering energy from the combustible waste is an important source of energy if it is used sustainably. From the viewpoint of energy, incineration introduces an environmentally friendly option to burn fossil fuels. Therefore, the incineration provides a significant source to reduction a great deal of solid waste volume and weight. When waste enters the landfill, it is expensive. It requires more funds for landfill construction and once the landfill is established there is the need for a principal, who will monitor and maintain the landfill in the long term. Furthermore, there are other expenses associated with landfills such as the reduction of land value in the surrounding areas, due to the offensive odor confronting the residents.
The by-products of incineration are bottom ash, while almost 4% of inputs are fly ash and significant ash quantities have financial and practical value. Ash affects verification, which ensures that heavy metals are not leachable substances during transportation into the landfill sites. If the combustion procedure is implemented capably, residual organic material in the residue of the ash would be reduced to small quantity. Consequently, the ash cannot change to natural leachate or gas when it is discarded inside landfill site (Smith et al., 2001). The emissions from an incinerator from the combustion of waste are an important negative factor due to their pollution effects on the air quality and the climate that impact both humans and plant life. Also, particulate emissions are a toxic by-product of materials combustion. For example, facilities of the Waste To Energy (WTE) generated 81 mercury tones in the US in 1989 (Themelis et al., 2002).
Huge quantities of extra strong matters such as mercury are emissions that have quiet harmful impacts on health of residents in the area. While the threat to human health is obvious from the emissions of incineration, the larger and more widespread effect of such emissions on plant life in particular and the environment in general is very significant, which must be seriously considered. Green House Gas (GHG) emissions such as CO 2 and N 2 O are among the principal contributors to climate change from incineration. Gas emissions from incinerator and related risks may be decreased by employing standard emission, efficient controls and enhanced organization practices. Also, adequate maintenance of the incinerator is necessary (Batterman, 2004a). Consideration should be given to decrease such emissions. One option is to reduce the content of recyclable materials in the stream of incinerated waste (Fig. 1).
Autoclaving with shredding and compression is a technically and economically practicable alternative to incineration (Batterman, 2004b). The technology is established as the technology efficient and it has been enhanced by using the shredding device for the process. It will reach the same decrease size as incineration with no adverse effect such as hazardous emissions.

Building and using of Incinerators
In the process of building an incinerator, several issues such as design and the site should be considered. The use of incinerators in waste management should take into consideration the following issues: (i) Appropriateness of the incinerator design; (ii) proper operation of the incinerator to achieve the desired efficiency; (iii) minimize dangerous emissions (including controlling dioxin and emissions of furan); (iv) avoid clinker formation and ash cinders; (v) avoid damaging the refractory; and (vi) minimize fuel consumption as well as install needed equipment to minimize air pollution.  Incineration and recycle can be useful if this materials be without Cl (Chlorinated will be because of a gradual pressure pipe) Sulfur compounds A method of auricular, for washing Hydroxide sodium. This is usually done before the process of burning waste Mix of Nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid Neutralization with limestone in calcium nitrate and calcium fluoride in the mud, the result is an auricular Monoxide carbon Amount of that is less than coal in comparison Odors due to the anaerobic reaction Chlorine to the pool, where the aromatic compounds are oxidized and control bacteria. Fabric filters can remove 90% of their organic materials output Hydrogen chloride and florid hydrogen Using added calcium compounds, they can be controlled. Advanced scrubbers acid-gas can control more than 90% of these compounds Dioxide sulfur Advanced scrubbers acid-gas can control more than 60% of these compounds Metals existing in the chimney gases Bags filter can absorb 90 percent of them Fly ash Separation and removal of materials from waste that contain high levels of lead and cadmium, will reduce the toxic of fly ash Source: Takdastan et al. (2005) In addition; the fundamentals of a Good Combustion Practice (GCP) must be observed to manage dioxin and furan discharges (Brna and Kilgroe, 1989;Batterman, 2004b).
The appropriate site selection is an important issue. In the construction of incinerator units in an area, care should be taken to site them at a safe distance from the locations that are sensitive to pollution. According to the region's topography, the incinerator plant must be maintained in such a way that there will not be wide dissemination of outputs and such outputs are not suspended in the air. Chimney height should be appropriate to provide for proper dilution of gases and the output particles before their precipitation in the earth's surface.

Installing Air Pollution Control Equipment to Reduce Emissions and Particles
To control air pollution caused by emissions of particulate matter and gases, different instruments should be used. Table 1 shows pollutant types in municipal waste incinerators and pollution control. The main components of air pollution control from incinerators can be named as wet scrubbed, dried scrubbed, sedimentation reservoir, bag filters, dry sorbent injection, deposition of the electrostatic, silkons and after burner. Each of the air pollution control equipments has specified removal efficiency to remove air pollutants. One of the pollutants types is sulfur compounds that the method uses before the process of burning waste. Table 2 show important issues for designing of small scale incinerator and recommend by UNDP and EPA.
In the construction phase of incinerator, sufficient plans, maps and quality control should be done before establishing the incinerators. Drawings of dimension, endurance, lists of material are essential. Construction firms should have a protection program for every construction in line with the construction schedule. Good mixing Mixing of combustion gas and air in all zones Minimize by keeping moderate air velocity to avoid Particulate matter entrainment fluidization of the waste, especially if high into flue gas leaving the incinerator (>2%) ash waste is burned. venturi or other wet scrubbers, fabric filter typically used with a dry injection system, and infrequently electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Modern emission limits cannot be met without APCD. Source: Derived in part from (U.S. EPA, 1990;UNEP, 2003;Batterman, 2004a) In the operation phase of the incinerator, correct operation is important to fully benefit from the design of the incinerator. Generally, the equipment manufacturer or designer should supply a manual that provides working procedures and processes of set up and the standard process of shutting down, tips for maintenance, recommended spare parts which may require special tooling. Some of the general operating procedures are listed in Table 3. As mentioned in table controlling of infection during waste handling, equipment safety and fire safety are necessary for safety issues in small incinerator.

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In the monitoring phase of the incinerator, monitoring of combustion and emission should be routinely done to determine if the incinerators are correctly managed. Furthermore, screening is necessary to ensure conformity with regulations. Monitoring process of metals and dioxin, HCl, NOx for incinerator include the assessment of odors and emissions, stack tests regularly, temperature, pressure and soil monitoring near the incinerator to determine the suitability of burning. There are dangers to people living in the surrounding area of incinerators; this hazard can occurred due to the absence of dioxins monitoring (Thompson and Anthony, 2008).
Safety issues for incinerator are not just the prevention of emissions which happen during standard operating conditions; but attention should be paid to the fact that many contaminants are bio-accumulate, they enter the food chain, stay there then produce chronic illnesses ultimately in the geographical region concerned. Furthermore, to prevent operator injury such preventive measures as using eye and face masks, heavyduty gloves and fire safety are necessary in incinerator safety programs. For maintenance issue, an inadequately maintained incinerator will affect the combustion quality that creates risky emissions to the public. There is a need for repeated scheduled maintenance (U.S. EPA, 1990). A typical maintenance schedule for a small-scale incinerator and frequency of their activity are shown in Table 4. Incinerators typically need maintenance after about three (3) years.

Monitoring of Air Pollution from Incinerators
The monitoring and maintenance program in incinerators to control air pollution from incinerators is explained. Permanent monitoring program for pollutants of SO 2 , NO 2 , NO, HCl, TSP, VOCs, PM10, CO and Weekly programs for heavy metal pollutants such as Cr, Co, Cd, As, V, Ti, Pb, Ni, Mo, Hg, Cu, Poly core Aromatics Hydrocarbons (PAH), Dioxin and Furans (PCDDs/Fs) and organic compounds BTEX (Gasoline, Toluene, Ethyl benzene and xylene) are shown in Table 5. The parameters are monitored to control air pollution in the incinerators.   Chlorinated dioxins, ashes, furans, heavy metals in outputs chimney,slag, materials resulting from the combustion process, residues of pollution control machines Source: Takdastan et al. (2005)

Methodology
In this research, we used personal observation of the area, conducted interview with the experts on the ground and conducted a review of secondary materials on the topic. Due to the amount of fixed carbon and ash content of solid waste in Langkawi Island, this study applied ASTM E 830-96 "Standard Test Method If the main purpose is to investigate the fundamental aspects that are not directly clear in data groups, the factor analysis method is appropriate (Towned, 2012;Charkhabi and Sakizadeh, 2006). The main aim of applying factor analysis is to use the calculated correlation matrix to recognize the minimum quantity of general parameters that give the greatest details or explanation of the correlation between the indicators (statistic). To realize a minor element arrangement that can be significantly explicated by the researcher, element rotation can be applied to recognize the majority probable aspects solution (Sharma, 1996;Charkhabi and Sakizadeh, 2006). Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 19.0 IBM) to assess the significance of differences contained by the Physicochemical factors with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), where significant values (p<0.05) were obtained, "A posteriori" Dunkan Multiple Range Test afterwards was used as means pairs to find out the variance location. Pearason's rank correlation was applied to create relations between elements in the study area of Langkawi Island (Zar, 1984;Imoobe and Koye, 2011). Un-weighted Pair Grouping Method with Arithmetic-mean (UPGMA) software was used as clustering method to obtain clear shape of all the measured traits (Talei et al., 2012) and Graph Pad Prism version 5 was used to obtain clear diagram related to SPSS parts (comparison of water, soil and incinerator stations).

Pearson Correlation Analysis for Incinerator Sampling In Langkawi Island
Pearson's correlation analysis: Correlation analysis provides a statistical means to show the relationship and the strength of the relationship among metric variables (Malhotra, 2004;Yee and San, 2011). It designates the potency of linear relationship among variables (Malhotra, 2004). Pearson's correlation coefficient is utilized in analyzing the association between the random variables. This kind of analysis is for determine the association between the variables.
The coefficient displays the linear association scale and/or the correlation direction. The correlation coefficient ranges from +1 shows ideal positive connection to -1, which shows ideal negative connection in addition to 0 rate shows no linear connection.
For example in Fig. 2, calcium and potassium have relationship and according to the analysis, the correlation is significant at the 0.01 level. Also, the relationship between sodium and total moisture is significant at the 0.01 significance level and r is 0.738. There was a negative relationship between dry basis and oxygen at the 0.01 significance level.

Modeling of SPSS for Incinerator in Langkawi Island
The study chose the significant parameters and entered them into the model with the use of SPSS (Fig. 2). Even though the first model is significant, the second model has been found to be more significant.
Potassium and Iron were not entered into the model because they were found to have no effect on the model. However, temperature has been found to have affected sodium and increased its bulk density. There is shown by the following Equation 1:

Fig. 2. Pearson Correlation analysis for incinerator sampling in Langkawi Island
According to the results obtained by using ANOVA and SPSS (IBM), moisture has the most impact on ash and potassium and temperature has the most effect on sodium by increasing its bulk density. Table 6 shows coefficient of sodium and bulk density in the model; the significant is less than 0.05. In Table 7 analysis of variance is explained and significant of models. Table 8 is related to ash and potassium factors in the model. Table 9 show the Total ANOVA result of measured elements of incinerator in Langkawi Island.
The analysis of incinerator shows that moisture effects among 7 sampling periods of did not have much difference.

Analysis by Post Hoc
Analysis of studied elements done by SPSS and Post Hoc Tests and results is shown in Table 10 and Fig. 3-9.
Analysis of data by SPSS, Post Hoc Tests showed between the several sampling have not different significantly. Figure 9 show all the samples almost have equal moisture.
The UPGAMA, (Dong et al., 2008;Perumal et al., 2009), Fig. 10 shows resemblance indexes among homogeneous categories. The results displayed separation among dissimilar categories. Three major clusters in the incineration process are highlighted as follows: number 1 has different characteristic from the numbers 2,4,3,7 and 5 and 6. The three clusters include1, (2, 3, 4, 7) and (5, 6) were found to be totally dissimilar from each other; and they demonstrated three different colors.

DISCUSSION OF INCINERATOR
According to quality and quantity of solid waste management in Langkawi Island (Shamshiry et al., 2012) and also based on land scarcity, climatology and geo-morphology in the area as well as the importance of the tourism industry in Langkawi Island, more attention should be paid to make incineration compliant to the standard procedure as it is being used in solid waste management in the Langkawi. Figure 12 shows the incinerator in study area. The results have shown that a large amount of the collected materials in Langkawi's solid waste is non-combustible and their disposal in a landfill causes pollution and a danger to the environment and eco-tourism.
The results have also shown that burning waste in incinerators caused some amount of air pollution and this can have direct effect on human health and increases environmental risk. This is because there is no total control of the various contaminants released by incinerators. The site of the incinerators is becoming unsuitable due to the increasing population and need for settlements.
Such poor incinerator operational conditions are unfortunately observed in the majority of incinerators investigated. Previous studies have shown that two elements, technical defect in the devices of air pollution control and improper incinerator design are the main problems of incinerators. Different methods are used to control gases and harmful suspended solids are released from the incinerators.

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As mentioned in Fig. 13, the amount of volatile matter minimum is 62.55% compared to the fixed carbon of 3.36%, ash is 14.37% and also moisture is 35.81%. The minimum composition of the fixed carbon is 14.36% while volatile matter is 81.7%. Figure 14 displays the amount of minimum and maximum carbons in the ultimate constituents of MSW sample from the incinerator examined in Langkawi is higher than hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, oxygen and ash (Table 11).

CONCLUSION
As a result of scarcity of land, increasing population in recent years and also increasing tourist population (national and international tourists), an effective incinerator activity must be seen as one crucial aspect of solid waste management in Langkawi Island. Extra care is required to control gases and harmful suspended solids that are released from the incinerators. Untimely and inappropriate opening of the combustion chamber door, exorbitance blowing and improper use of the installed air pollution control devices contribute to the release of harmful gases that contaminant the quality of the air of the surrounding areas. When these measures are carefully implemented with regard to standard procedure of the incinerators, this will boost achieving the objective of especially good air quality and sustainable integrated solid waste management in Langkawi Island, befitting the status of a tourist hub and Geopark in Malaysia.
Investigating the use of incinerator in relation to observing the regulations or procedures and the adverse impacts associated with the misuse of incinerator would enrich the literature and knowledge about solid waste treatment in the landfills.