Evaluation of Heavy Metal in Coastal Water at Kelantan

Five sites were selected representing the studied sites of the coastal water in Kelantan, Malaysia during 1996 until May 2012. These selected sites are the popular beaches in Kelantan which are Sri Tujuh Beach (STB) located in Tumpat region, Cahaya Bulan Beach (PCB) and Sabak Beach (SB) in Kota Bharu region, Irama Beach (PI) in Bachok region and Bisikan Bayu Beach (PBB) in Pasir Putih region. In other to identify the quality of coastal water in this five popular coasts along Kelantan, study of heavy metals contamination in coastal water has been done. Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in Kelantan coastal water has doing by combine the data from Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia and the data was got from this research. There are four types of heavy metal concentration has evaluated in this research; Cadmium (Cd), Cupper (Cu), Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr). From this evaluation, we can see the fluctuation of concentration the four type heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr) from 1996 until May 2012. Most of the year, the concentration of heavy metal is between the range of Malaysia marine quality standard except for Lead. Lead was proven to be the highest concentration pollutant in the five beaches in certain time and also exceed the Malaysia marine standard.


INTRODUCTION
Kelantan is located in northeastern of peninsular Malaysia, facing the South China Sea and is bordered by Thailand. Average area of Kelantan state is around 15,099 square kilometers with total population 1,459,994 in 2010. (DOE, 2004). Kelantan rich with natural recourses form unexplored forests and mineral such as petroleum. It is also an attraction to local and international tourists because of the traditional culture. Most of them attract to coastal area along Kelantan as their accommodation site because in this area less of development and villages still maintain traditional lifestyle especially fisherman and batik makers.
Most popular coastal along Kelantan such as Cahaya Bulan Beach located in Kota Bharu, Sri Tujuh Beach in Tumpat and Irama Beach in Bachok. Coastal zone along Kelantan is valued for their communities in term of ecological, economic and culture significant. Fishing, production of salted fish, anchovy sauce and fish cracker are include in coastal economic sector. It is source of income for local people.
Along with the times, the coast of Kelantan also not spared from the problem of coastal water pollution caused by human activity.
Industrial and domestic effluents, agricultural run-off, acid rain, mine drainage has all contributed to some extent to the metal loads in water bodies. Metals are of special concern because they are non degradable and therefore persistent (Bhole and Ramteke, 2011;Chintana, 2002). There are five popular beaches in Kelantan has been studied to evaluate the concentration of heavy metal shown as Fig.  1, which are Sri Tujuh Beach (PST) located in Tumpat, Cahaya Bulan Beach (PCB) and Sabak Beach (PB) in Kota Bharu, Irama Beach (PI) in Bachok and Bisikan Bayu Beach (PBB) in Pasir Putih. This location has selection has according to density of population, social-economic and others factor such as distance to industries area, fish farming area and tourism area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The coastal water was collected from five sampling sites along Kelantan Coast, Malaysia during July 2011 until May 2012 while the data from previous years (1996 to 2010) was collected from Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia (DOE, 2004).
The collected coastal water samples from five beaches were transferred to the Chemical Laboratory of Universiti Malaysia Kelantan after conserve in plastic bottle and treated with nitric acid with a concentration 1 ml/1 L. The four metals which are Cadmium (Cd), Cupper (Cu), Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) were analyzed using Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The homogenize sample were introduced to ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamatemythyl isobutyl ketone (APDC-MIBK) before analyzed using ICP-MS (AOCS, 2009).

Pantai Sri Tujuh
Sri Tujuh Beach (PST) in Tumpat is located seven kilometer from Kota Bharu (N 6°13'00.0", E 102 o 08'00.0"). This beach is resulting from the formation of seven bays. Position in the gulf coast is also making its waters are so calm and suitable for various water sports activities including playing volleyball, swimming or camping. The main source of income population of this area is fishing and farming cage fish. Other than selling fresh fish, they also produce salted fish for local and foreign market. From this research known, the average temperature of this coastal water during July 2011 to May 2012 is 30.7°C, salinity is 32 ppt, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is 5.18 mg L −1 and pH is about 8.22.

Cahaya Bulan Beach
Cahaya Bulan Beach (PCB) is the beach stretches to about 1.2 km it located in Kota Bharu (N 6°10'45.0", E 102°16'50.0"). It is popular because of their traditional product such as Batik, Songket and kites. The temperature of this coastal water during July 2011 to May 2012 is about 30.8°C, salinity is 35 ppt, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is 5.5 mg L −1 and pH is about 8.04.

Sabak Beach
Sabak Beach also located in Kota Bharu (N 6°10'25.0", E 102°20'10.0"). This beach is not too popular but this beach is selected in this study because it located near industrial place which is Pengkalan Chepa so it high potential to be polluted. The temperature of this coastal water during July 2011 to May 2012 is about 30.82°C, salinity is 29.66 ppt, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is 6.73 mg L −1 and pH is about 8.05 (Table 1).

Bisikan Bayu Beach
Last is the Bisikan Bayu Beach (N 5°52'00.0", E 102°31'00). This is one of the popular beach for local visitor because not only beautiful, this beach is also near with jetty and famous with the fresh fish. The temperature of this coastal water during July 2011 to May 2012 is about 30.72°C, salinity is 32.18 ppt, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is 5.18 mg L −1 and pH is about 8.22.

Analysis Concentration
The Heavy metals can enter and contaminate the coastal waters from feeder rivers and from direct discharges and once there, they can be trapped and accumulated in sediments or be directly captured by living organisms. Their negative effect is not only by decreasing aquatic species diversity but by exposing human beings to these xenobiotics directly through the food chain, with a potential danger to human health. Because this valid effect, the coastal water monitoring programme in Malaysia has started since 1978 until today by the Department of Environmental (DOE) Malaysia. In Kelantan, DOE monitoring of the coastal and marine water has done in once a year. Using the previous data from DOE and the recent data from this research, the evaluation of the coastal water of Kelantan can be done to determine the quality of coastal water in selected beach in Kelantan.

Cadmium
From the Fig. 2 below, it can be seen if the concentration of cadmium is below the DOE standard in most of the year. The critical level is in 2003 to 2006, where the concentration of cadmium in five beaches was out of standard. But by 2008 until May 2012, the concentrations seem to be neutralized and tend to be normal.

Cupper
The concentration of Cupper (Cu) during 1996 until May 2012 has shown a same pattern like the concentration of cadmium. As shown in Fig. 3 Figure 4 shown the high concentration of lead (Pb) in five selected beach in Kelantan during 1996 until May 2012. During the times, there are several years shown the critical level of lead in five selected beach in Kelantan. In these years the value of lead concentration has exceed the limit of standard. In the industrial, organic lead usually is applied in petroleum production while the inorganic lead compounds are applied for battery and paint production. The high value of lead concentration in Kelantan coastal water is needed to be study further to determine the source of contamination and the effect of contamination.