Change in Temperature of Skin, Blood, Muscle and Bone Tissues Due to Mobile Phone Radiations at Frequencies 800, 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz

Corresponding Author: Mushtaq Ahmed Bhat Department of Physics, Graphic Era University Dehradun, India Email: dmbhat5979@gmail.com Abstract: The mathematical calculation of change in temperature of skin, blood, muscle and bone tissues of human being working at the frequency of 800, 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz is done in this manuscript. The power of the antenna of mobile phone is of 2 W. The calculation is made at the various depths, by taking the different distances of human body from the mobile phone. The depth of penetration is ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 mm inside the body tissues. The thermoregulation system of the body can maintain the body temperature but at some extent. Variation of change in temperature due to the exposure of 15, 30, 45 and 60 min in selected tissues is also analysed.


Introduction
Electromagnetic fields are all around due to mobile phone and mobile phone tower radiations keep our heart beating, brain thinking and muscles moving they are even within our bodies. During speaking, human being absorb some electromagnetic energy when it is exposed to it. This interaction of electromagnetic energy with the body can cause both thermal and non-thermal effects (Kumar et al., 2008).
Depending on the frequency of electromagnetic radiation, the human body interacts with such a field via induced currents and thermal effects. The field generated within the body, so called thermal field is determined by the amount by which a body is influenced by electromagnetic fields (Gandhi and Mohammad, 2008).
The absorbed mobile phone radiations produced molecular vibration and convert the energy into heat. When the rate of energy absorption is high it produces heating effects in the living tissues (Ozen et al., 2009). The biological effects of radiofrequency energy depend on the rate at which power is absorbed (Osepchuk and Petersen, 2003). If the organism cannot dissipate this heat energy as fast as then the internal temperature of the body will rise. Thus the thermal interaction may cause tissue heating by deposition of power from ionic conductivity of the tissue as well as losses associated with motion of the molecules caused by time vibration of electromagnetic field (Furse et al., 2009). Exposure to very high radiofrequency power densities can result increase in temperature heat human body tissues. During the expose of high radio frequency levels tissue damage will occur. Under certain conditions exposure to At power density levels of 1 to 10 mW/cm 2 the radio frequency energy can result in heating of body, testis and eyes are to particularly known to heating by radio frequency energy because available of blood flow to dissipate the excessive heat energy. Such change in sperm mobility effects causes the temporary sterility after the exposure testis to high radio frequency radiation level. Most of the experimental investigations rabbits and mice have been employed for biological effects of radio frequency exposure (James, 2003;Karunarathna and Dayawansa, 2006).
One well-understood the effect of mobile phone wave is dielectric heating in which the living tissues of human being are heated by the rotations of polar molecules. Mobile phone radiation penetrates in tissues to a distance proportional to their power density. That is why it is dangerous to live close to high power mobile phone tower for a long time.

Method and Calculation
When human body is exposed to the EM wave of electric field E rms , it penetrates into the body. It results into inside or induced field E i at a given depth Z given by Equation 1: where, δ is skin depth.
As we want to access the effect of mobile phone tower whose power is the only parameter we know, we have to relate the electric field (more generally E rms ) to the power of transmission where, r is the radius of spherical wave front around mobile phone handset and their tower. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) can be defined as Equation 3: where, E i is the field inside that material, σ is the conductivity of the biological material, ρ is the density of bio material Equation 4: where, ∆t is time in seconds, C is specific heat of biomaterial.
The dielectric properties of the body tissues are taken from Gabriel et al. (1996a;1996b;1996c) for the calculation of change in temperature of different tissues. The change in temperature 15, 30, 45 and 60 min for mobile phone in consequence of specific absorption rate is given in the following tables respectively. The depth inside the tissues is taken 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mm for the calculation of change in temperature at different distances from the mobile phone working at the frequencies of 800, 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz. The power of mobile phone is taken as 2 W.

Results and Discussion
In most of the countries in the world 800, 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz frequency of electromagnetic waves are used for communication. In this chapter, we discuss about four frequencies of mobile phone waves. Calculation of change in temperature for skin, blood, muscles and bones at different depth and different distances are made. The penetrated electromagnetic wave absorbed inside the human body tissues and deposited in the form of extra energy. This energy increases the temperature of tissues which are previously at thermostatic state.
When a mobile phone handset move from 15 to 1 cm distance towards person, then the temperature of tissue increases. The results are represented by Table  17 and Fig. 1.

Conclusion
Four frequencies of mobile phone waves namely 800, 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz for the calculation of change in temperature for skin, blood, muscles and bones at different depth and different distances are made.
When we move towards from 15 cm to 1 cm distance from mobile phone temperature of tissues increases. It is observed from the Table 1 Table 3. Change in temperature (degree C/45 min) at different depth and 1 cm apart from the mobile phone at 800, 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz Change in temperature in 45 min, 1 cm distance from mobile phone at different depth
It is found that with the mobile phone radiations of above frequencies, the temperature of skin, blood, muscle and bone tissues slightly increases as the talking time is increased, but there is the highest raise in temperature in blood tissue and the lowest change in temperature in case of bone tissue. The rise in temperature of human body tissues is considerably large and the human body is not able to regulate it through the normal process of thermoregulation. Therefore human body may face thermal stress resulting into some diseases. When this temperature increases greater to 39°C, it can produce many diseases in tissues and may become harmful for the life of tissues. Increase in temperature of these tissues cause thermal effect, which is harmful for human being.