Efficacy of Closantel 5% Against Cattle Gastrointestinal Parasites

Problem statement: There are several anthelmintic classes based on ch emi al structure that are in use, but, during the last 20 years, it has b een increasingly noted that the target parasites ha ve become resistant, the incidence varying with geogra phical location and mode of use. Approach: In this study, 60 apparently healthy cows under the sa me management conditions of the experiment, feces (EPG) were examined. Cows divided to 2 groups (30 = control, 30 = treated with closantel 5%) then treated cows received 10 mg kg −1 B.W closantel 5% oraly and After treatment the cow , faecal samples from each of 2 groups were examined in days 1-7-2128 after treatment by wet-mount and willismethods and MC-master slid used for egg count. Results: Therefore Closantel 5% drugs if used oraly by dosage 1 mL 10 kg −1 B.W in cow against Fasciola hepatica and Haemonchus spp. Bunostomum phlebotomum been quite effective (average percentage of drug e ffect = 97%) and used for control and prevention of parasitic infections in cow was recom mended. Conclusion: Therefore Closantel 5% is an effective drug against cattle gastrointestinal h elminthes in Iran.


INTRODUCTION
Anthelmintics are used extensively to control helminth parasites in animals and are especially useful in domestic farm livestock and those species that graze on pasture and inevitably ingest the infective stages of the parasites. There are several anthelmintic classes based on chemical structure that are in use, but, during the last 20 years, it has been increasingly noted that the target parasites have become resistant, the incidence varying with geographical location and mode of use. One proposed method of delaying the development of resistance is to combine two drugs with similar spectra of activity but with different modes of action (Baggot and McKellar, 1994;Barnes et al., 1995;Lifschitz et al., 2004;Lo et el., 1985 andEl-Nabarawy et al., 2010). In addition, combinations of drugs can sometimes be used in conjunction with the knowledge of local epidemiology of parasites to reduce the frequency of treatment and further reduce exposure of the worms to the anthelmintics. It has been shown that the clinical effectiveness of anthelmintics is closely related to their pharmacokinetic profiles (Bassisi et al., 2004;Bogan and McKellar, 1988;Toutain et al., 1988;Craven et al., 2002).
Plasma availability can be affected by the formulation and route of administration. Lanusse and Prichard (1993) noted that slight modifications to plasma concentration can have a large effect on the persistence and availability of avermectins such as ivermectin.
Ivermectin affects nematodes, whereas closantel, a salicylanilide, affects both blood-feeding nematodes and trematodes. The pharmacokinetics of ivermectin have been extensively reported in ruminants (Degroodt et al., 1994;Fairweather and Boray, 1999;EAVPT, 1986;Michiels et al., 1987), as have those of closantel (Vercruysse and Rew, 2002;Lanusse and Prichard, 1993;Montenegro et al., 2003;Lanusse et al., 1997;Mohammed-Ali and Bogan, 1987;Edem and Usoh, 2009;Akinnuga et al., 2010). Recently a novel product combining closantel and ivermectin in a single formulation has been developed and licensed for use in cattle. In order to ensure that the product can be expected to possess the same efficacy against sensitive helminths as those products licensed in singleconstituent formulations, it is necessary to establish that the pharmacokinetic profiles of ivermectin and closantel are not altered in the formulated dual component product (Lifschitz et al.,

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, 60 apparently healthy cows under the same management conditions of the experiment, feces (EPG) were examined. After determining the contamination of the animals after 3 stages feces samples examination they were randomly divided into 2 categories, 30 were immovable.
The first group (control) 30 head and did not receive any drug as only two other times in the stool were tested and the control group with normal saline for oral dosage form were studied simultaneously.
The second group is the treatment group and 30 head of livestock were studied by the drug closantel 5% were treated with oral doses 1 mL 10 kg −1 B.W conceived.
After treatment the cow, faecal samples from each of 2 groups were examined in days 1-7-21-28 after treatment. For fecal samples examination the wet method (Wet-mount) and Willis (willis-method) and for egg counts of Nematoda (EPG) the Mc-Master slide (MC-master method) was used.
According to the formula of 5% closantel effects on different days after treatment were evaluated: ( ) mean number of eggs per gram 100 R p of feces in the treated group mean number of eggs per gram of feces in control group Effects of Drug mean number of eggs per gram of feces in P the control gro

RESULTS
Results of this study are set based on the Table 1-5.

DISCUSSION
According to the chi-square test and the test results based on the difference between the two communities can be seen that the efficacy percentage of control and test groups except Haemonchus spp. parasite control (First day after treatment) is not significant (p>0/05).
But the efficacy of oral drugs closantel 5% solids horizons and control of parasites in the days before and after treatment than the control group is quite significant (p < 0/001) indicate that this positive effect on drug control and The test is in control of parasitic eggs. Uppal et al. (1993) and Costa et al. (2006) efficacy of closantel on Haemonchus spp. 100% have been reported in India, which is partially consistent with the results of this study. Mooney et al. (2009) and Echevarria et al. (1996) efficacy of closantel on sheeps Fasciola hepatica in Ireland in 14 days after treatment by counting Eggs Per Gram of cow feces (EPG) have reported up to 100% which is consistent with the results of this study . Mwamachi et al. (1995) and Sivaraj et al. (1994) in Kenya efficacy of closantel on Bunostomum 52% in cows have reported that no consistent with the results of this study and efficacy of closantel on cows Bunostomum in iran is higher. Al-Qudah et al. (1999) and Guerrero and Michael (1983) in Jordan the efficacy of albendazole + closantel on Haemonchus 100% and Fasciola hepatica 77% have been reported in camels. Stromberg et al. (1985) in sheeps that infected with the Fascioloides efficacy rate of oral closantel 95-98 percent have been reported.

CONCLUSION
Closantel 5% drugs if used oraly by dosage 1 mL 10 kg −1 B.W in cow against Fasciola hepatica and Haemonchus spp., Bunostomum phlebotomum been quite effective (average percentage of drug effect = 97%) and used for control and prevention of parasitic infections in cow is recommended.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers highly appreciate to drug companies for their whole hearted cooperation and financial supports for the present study. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.