On the History of Vocabulary Study of Kipchak Languages Group

Corresponding Author: Lyazat Meirambekova The Faculty of Philology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Аstana, Republic of Kazakhstan Email: lmeyrambekova@mail.ru Abstract: The article is devoted to the consideration of the development and formation process of the written Turkic languages from the beginning of the XX century. The research is based on the construction of separate lexicology of Turkic languages on the materials of Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Bashkir, Kumyk, Nogai and Tatar languages. The general lexicological fund of Turkic languages is investigated. The national written traditions of the Turkic speakers’ nations, their vocabulary and lexicology formation, the period of their literary national language development are analyzed. Some examples are provided in the given article.


Introduction
In the 21th century the modernization spread broadly in the sphere of informational technology of Turkic nations' cultural relation. It has developed the responsibility to keep ethno-cultural values of Turkic languages in a qualified stage of generalization. There is great modern need in the relationship between Turkic languages and Turkic nations. More than 30 Turkic languages developed from proto-Turkic language as well as independently. Collecting the word value of languages, it has a great importance and there is a need to compose a dictionary of Turkic languages. It has great significance to prove the difference in Turkic languages' lexical fund and the impact of modern social changes on Turkic languages. These important problems are investigating in the field of comparative-synchronous vocabulary construction.
Taking into consideration the genealogic classification of Turkic languages, investigating in-and inter-language group comparative-characteristic analysis or comparative-characteristic analysis of separate languages of other groups constructed the Turkic languages comparative-synchronous lexical lesson's base. This issue has not been investigated previously. However, there is a considerable number of papers on comparative lexical turkology; comparison analysis of two or more Turkic languages in one aspect, namely Kazakh-Turkic, Turkic-Yakut, Tatar-Bashkir, Kumyk-Nogai or with other root languages, namely Russian, English, German etc. In other words, on the basis of information on separate language`s lexicology of Kazakh language, the lexicology of Kyrgyz, Bashkir, Tatar languages prove that, there is a need to investigate general lexicological fund of Turkic languages.
In this article, we would like to focus on the word formation of modern Kipchak languages group, namely Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Bashkir, Kumyk, Nogai and Tatar languages. Their modern situations are highlighting the scientific and theoretical significance of this paper.

Material and Methods of the Research
In this study we used various research techniques to portray an objective picture of the historical reality of the written Turkic languages from the beginning of the XX century and that helped to shape the main reasons for studying lexis of Kipchak languages group.
Key findings of the research were obtained through the use of the comparative-historical and comparative contrastive methods. The use of these research methods is conditioned by the study of information on separate language`s lexicology of Kazakh language, the lexicology of Kyrgyz, Bashkir, Tatar languages.
At the same time we used a method of content analysis to examine 6 languages of Kipchak group.

The Result of the Research
A summary of the progress made in the study of vocabulary of Turkic written monuments: Firstly, the general theoretical problems present lexicology of Turkic literary texts written in the XX century II halfformed as a separate subject, developed very quickly to the level of a single Turkic linguistics specially written textbooks and teaching aids, basic vocabulary for high schools, the Turkic language related to the composition of words appear in scientific research; secondly, we note that certain developments in the Turkic lexicology mainly shown in the field of lexicography, lexical richness of Turkic languages has the appearance and was grouped into etymological, intelligent, bilingual, spelling, dialectical dictionaries.
The given investigation broadly shows the national written traditions of the Turk speakers' nations, namely Kazakh, Nogai, Bashkir, Tatar, Kumyk, Kyrgyz and Turk, their vocabulary and lexicology formation, the period of their literary national language development and there are some examples that they have much in common. These languages developed cooperatively, they have constructed as so-called «inter bridge» in broadening the stock exchange of the vocabulary. Significant number of new words appeared in many spheres of everyday life.

Formation and Development of Modern Turk Literary Language
In their long way of historical development Turkic languages as Tatar, Bashkir, Karachai-Balkar, Crimea Tatars, Karaiym, Kumyk, Nogai, Karakalpak, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Kipchak languages of Altaic group formed as national literary written languages. Considering the formation of Turkic languages R. Syzdyk noted «The development of nation's literary language is directly concerned with the social history of the nation. The language had been formed since a tribal stage was not the same as it was of the period when these tribes transformed into a nation» (Syzdyk, 2010: 400-412).
The vocabulary of Kazakh, Bashkir, Kumyk, Nogai, Tatar and other modern Kipchak written languages starts its formation from the middle eve manuscripts of the XI century scientists as Mahmud Kashkary «Diuani lugat itturk» (turk dictionary) and Plano Karpini (XIII C.), Gilioma Rubruka (XII C.) and from the old vocabularies of the XVIII-XIX centuries, from the period of Turkic comparative linguistics as a separate subject (The second half of the XIX c.). These researches gave the start to the formation and development of modern Turkic literary written language.
The first information about lexicon of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz languages was published in the XVIII century in P.S. Pallas's «Russian-Kyrgyz dictionary» (1774). The nineteenth century published A. Levshin's «Description of the Kyrgyz-Kazakh or Kirghiz-Kaisak hordes and steppes», N.I. Ilminsky «Materials for the study of the Kyrgyz dialect» as well as the grammar of the Kazakh language of the P.M. Melioransky, V.V. Radlov, etc. in the writings of Turkologists. Budagov (1869), the two-volume «Dictionary of Turkic and Tatar comparative Dictionary» the words of the Kazakh analyzes. The lexics of Kumyk vocabulary compared with other Turkic words of the famous German traveler and explorer in the early nineteenth century G.Y. Klaprot's «Reise in den Kaukasus und nach Georgien in den Jahren 1807 und 1808» (I-II, Halle and Berlin 1807-08). Given a well-known work has become a science for the benefit of a great scientific achievement in the history of the study of the language of the Kumyk is a translator and language teacher of Kumyk's T.N. Makarov wrote in 1848 on the basis of Kumyk spoken language «Caucus grammar of the Tatar dialect» in the same period, at that time «Tatars of the Caucasus called the Turkic» people.
Here is a rich visual material in Russian language translation of Kumyk.
Kumyk language models, the first notes of the 70 years of the XVIII century. These Bakmeyster linguistic materials are collected and later an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of the Adelung (1815) of the P.S. Pallas is part of a number of materials. Bakmeyster, Adelung, Pallas archived and related material, especially the Turkic language «Comparative dictionary of all languages and dialects» (1787-1789) may serve the purpose of comparative historical lexicography. K.G.Zaleman recorded in the form of a copy of the A.Shifner Russian-Kumik vocabulary, as well as K.G. Zalemanin created by the student's life (1867-1871) «Russian-Kumyk dictionary». It is important to research the history of the vocabulary of the language of Kumyk (Dmitriyev, 1949: 183-247).
Bashkir state became part of Russia, the Bashkir vocabulary became the credentials of the Russian language at a later stage. For example, P.I. Rychkov Lexicon or Dictionary topographic Orenburg province» (Rychkov, 1776). Dictionary of names of many of the Bashkir explanation or translation: Yamantau from Yaman «bad, worst», Aktau-White Mountain, Kizlyartau-Maiden mountain Iryak-tash-Osokorevy Stone etc. (Rychkov, 1762: 595). Developed the leadership of the guidance of Academician P.S. Pallas «Comparative Dictionaries of all languages and dialects collected by the right hand of the Highest Mark lady» (1787) reflected in the dictionary there are 200 word vocabulary material between 285 Bashkir and the Orenburg province office of the college court Bashkir official M. Bichurin developed «Bashkir language translation of the word» (80 years of the XVIII century) manuscripts 360 Russian Bashkir translation of the word is given in (Kissamitdinova, 2011: 12). P. Utsadamtsev developed «Tatar, Bashkir, Kalmuk language translation of the word list» is the original manuscript of the dictionary. The amount of three hundred fifty seven Russian words is translated into the languages of the above. In1899 V. Katarіnskіy semantic and grammatical features groupings in 2500 about Bashkir words «Bashkir-Russian dictionary» announces. This dictionary is the practical value of the study of the prerevolutionary Bashkir and Russian languages and is considered to have an important place in the Bashkir lexicography work (Kononov, 1982: 257).
One of the most significant works in the Turkology in XIX-XX century is published by Budagov (1869) «Comparative dictionary of Turkic-Tatar adverbs with addition of Arabic and Persian words with translation into Russian», second work is published by the academic В.В. Radlov «Experience of Turkic adverbs». There are 200 words in first book, 50 Bashkir words in the second language. There are nearly 200 Bashkir words in the work of M. Bichurun «Bukhars, Bashkirs, Kyrgyz and first book on learning Arab, Persian, Tatar languages for nation of Turkistan» (Kissamitdinova, 2011: 29).
The lexicology of Kazakh language established in the middle of the XX century today etymology, historical lexicology, terminology, onomastics, phraseology, lexicography are important part of Kazakh language. In this field of study G. Begaliev and N. Sauranbayev published a book «The grammar of Kazakh language» for pedagogic institute.
In the second half of the ХХ century, a number of works with a great significance appeared in Kazakh lexicology. That is to say, Sauranbayev's Russian-Kazakh Dictionary (1954), Orthographic Dictionary of Kazakh Language (1963). G. Musabayev's Russian-Kazakh Dictionary (1978), Ten Volume of Kazakh Explanatory Dictionary (1974)(1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986), Kenesbayev (1977) Phraseological Dictionary of Kazakh Language which include more than ten thousand phraseology, The Dialectological Dictionary of Kazakh Language (1996) and many other dictionaries. All these are a great success of Kazakh Lexicology. While A. Kaidar's In the World Of Kazakh Mother Tongue, which almost systematically included all the Lexico-Phraseological units in Kazakh language and tried to explain the meanings of all of them is the work which shows the development of Kazakh Lexicology in the first years of the ХХІ century (Kaidarov, 2009: 780).
The formation of Kyrgyz Lexicology as an independent branch of linguistics happened in the Soviet time of the Kyrgyz people. K. Tynystanov who made a series of school textbooks made a great contribution to this development. In these textbooks, the oral lexicons of Kyrgyz people appeared in the new written forms in Arabic scripts which were merely reformed.
It is important to mention the Kyrgyz-Russian Dictionary composed by Iudahin (1940Iudahin ( , 1965. The dictionary which included almost forty thousand words presents terms of all human professional activities and word depicting the political-economic, social-cultural and scientific life of Kyrgyz people in the middle of previous century. K.K. Iudahin made foundation of Kyrgyz Lexicology and Lexicography through this work, said (Sartbayev, 1970: 3-15). B. M. Iunusaliyev studied Kyrgyz lexicology from the perspective of development of root words (Yunusaliev, 1959: 246). Kyrgyz lexicology is also discussed in Zh. Mamytov, Z. Kulumbayeva, T.A. Akhmetov and Zh. M. Mukambayev, A. Zhalilov's works (Karbozova, 2015).
Although A. A. Satybalov made the foundation of Kumyk Lexicology in 1930s, (Essays on the vocabulary and semantics of the Kumyk language), it became an independent subject in the second half of the XX century. The ancient lexics of Kumyk language was studied in «About original Kumyk language vocabulary» by Kadyradzhiyev (1981). The kinship names were studied in the History of Kumyk Lexics by Levitskyi (1973). The Polysemy in nouns and verb system were studied in Kumyk Language by Baturmurzayeva (2002). Lexical Synonyms were studied in Synonyms and Synonymous relations in the Kumyk language lexics by Dzhalilova (2003). The types of Homonyms and semantic relations about them were studied in homophones in the Modern Kumyks Language by Beshirov (2002). The archaic words and historical lexics in Kumyk language were studied in Old Lexics of Kumyk Language by Asadulayeva (2013). Emotive lexics were studied in Elmurzayev (2009)  The examination of the lexicology of Bashkortostan is closely conected with the name of Zh. G. Kiekbayev. His concept of Bashkirian lexycology development is reported in the book, which is called «Lexycology and phraseology of the modern Bashkirian language». In this work, the theory commonality between Baskirian and Ural-Altaic languages were described for the first time, borrowed words from Arabic and Persian languages were individually analyzed and semantic-stuctural components of the Bashkirian dictionary were examined (Mamytov and Kulumbayeva, 1971: 112).
There are many bashkirian dialectologists, who made significant research work on languages investigations. For instance, T.G. Baishev examined the tasks and relation between dialects and literal language. N. Kh. Ishbulatov worked on comparatively exploringBaskirian dialect vocabulary with materials in Fin-Ugorian languages (Akhmatov and Mukambayev, 1978: 176).
Mainly to the national tradition of the era of the written language of Turkic people are common to all. There is an investigation of the development of good oral speaking and folklore for centuries developing each of the Turkic languages written in wedge-Yenisei monuments Orhon-Talas ancient Turkic written language (VI-VIII centuries), the language of medieval Turkic monuments (XII-XVI centuries), then in other periods territorial division meets both language feature called «Chagatai language» is the official language of the Central Asian Turkic, Tatar khanate, used this language Turkic Golden Horde Volga-Ural Turks after they became separate nations of their official papers, literature, historical works adapted to write different versions such as the ancient Kazakh, ancient Uzbek, ancient Tatar originate from Turkic written language.
The present Turkic written languages are those languages which in terms of graphics are the exact brand of writing, extensive public social job horizons, divided by style points and improved on a level developing oral and written forms of language. These languages include the breeding of the western branch of the Turkic languages: Relating to a group of Bulgarian Chuvash language; components Oguz group of Azeri, Gagauz, Turkmen Turkic languages; components Kipchak groups of Tatars, Bashkirs, Karachay-Balkar, Crimean Tatars, Kara, Kuruk, Karakalpak, Kazakh languages; components of the Karluk group of Uzbek and Uighur language, included in the group of the western branch Uighur, Ogyz, Tuva, Yakutia, Нakaskia languages; constitute a group of Kyrgyz-Kipchak include Kyrgyz and Altaic languages (Ramstedt, 1957: 192).
The current Turkic written language in twentieth year of the XIX century of the state of Turkey was held to the policy language, including has been closely linked with the reform that has been done on the alphabet in 1928 and which subsequently developed. Adopted a new alphabet which was based on the Latin alphabet completely changed the system from outdated language input elements using the internal capabilities of the Turkic language and vocabulary related languages, the emergence of new names in this basis, supplemented by a wealth of Turkic language dictionary, a grammar that is fully consistent with the original reality Turkic language, the creation of textbooks and teaching aids, to differentiate and complement the richness of Turkic language through word of dictionaries, history and dialectology of Turkic language, undertake thorough study of written monuments of the Turkic language and other related activities carried out comprehensively led to a positive impact of the current development of the Turkic national writing literary language.
Turkic people as distinct ethnic groups, each formation and then to the languages in common Turkic languages record souvenirs, as well as recording a new era of national literary languages (treasure words, grammatical structure, sound system) and various historical and position period status research in general, very wide and, of course, a serious problem. However, level of spoken and written language models for each sub-system in terms of various aspects of language linguistics was established to review the methodological approach, Тurkic treasury will be allocated for research in the field of linguistic Turkic lexicology.

Turkic Languages Have Vocabulary Stratigraphic Layers: General Altaic and Turkic
Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Bashkir, Nogai, Tatar and Kipchak languages chronological structure of the genetic point of view, such as: (1) Turkic, Mongolian and Manchu language show genealogical layersof the given languages; (2) consisting of common words in Turkic languages which is describes as Turkic layer; (3) Life for each of the Turkic people's knowledge of the nature and culture of the ethnic identity of the indigenous own vocabulary layer; (4) Turkic people of historical and cultural ties with other nations in the access layer, which can be divided into four stratigraphic layers.
Many of the Turkic languages lexical semantic approach is the same, but only the Turkic language to language groups, separate languages, distributed in accordance with the laws of the individual and group of languages, their phonetic, morphological and personality traits may occur. For example, consonants in the Turkic languages Q, K, Y, G, X, H sounds phonemes of the Turkic languages, such as the development of the ancient era, one allophonesof phonemes were so close to each other in terms of genesis, related sounds are considered (Baskakov, 1988: 105).
Providing modern Turkic languages, the sound data corresponds to the VII and IX century Turkic language Orkhon, Yenisei and Talas record is seen as the language of the main stem. Changes in the monuments of the language and voice language Kipchak Turkic general vocalization difficult path of development, the direction of the development process, Kipchak group, each of which refers to the characteristics of the ancient Turkic language and degree of linguistic phenomena. Orkhon, Yenisei and Talas inscriptions and of the Kipchak monosïllables the legitimacy of natural language voice coincidence. Monuments eight vowels in modern Turkic languages, including the languages of Kipchak fundamental right to vote in the system. For example, Spanish Kipchak monosyllables or polysyllabic words in the first two generations of vowels is one of the first voices. A.M. Sherbak Tuva, Yakuts sound from the point of view of a ancient vowels that Turkic influence on the formation (tip "faind" <faucet, Killeen "thick" < Kalin, IL "Brother" < and Mimir "root", "vein" < Mamir, Mij "vtoromw foal of the year with" < Major, etc.) and say "change the sound of the sound I Turkic nature ancient one language dialects" conclude (Sherbak, 1994: 145). Changes in the volume of the monumental language that modern languages Kipchak systematically property, relations includes only the word of two or three of each, in other words, vowels are full compliance.
The old record for an inheritance in the words of one syllable vowel of Kipchak language group does not change.

Conclusion
In the lexical research such languages as Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Bashkir, Kumyk, Nogai and Tatar written languages have taken their root from the outstanding work on Turkic nations` languages, which is written in the XI century by Makhmud Kashgary`s «Diuani lugat at-Turik» dictionary. Mostly information is taken from nations of these languages and their hand scripts of tourists, missioners` of that time about these languages (middle of XIX century).
The time of formation of the national written literary language of Turkic languages are continuous with each other. For example, the second half of the XIX century Kazakh and Turkmen languages, the end of the XIX century and early XX century the Turkic language, the end of the quarter of the XIX century the Azeri language, twentieth year of the XX century the Kirghiz, Bashkir, Nogai and Kumyk languages, fiftieth year of the XX century emerged as the Gagauz language national language and literature written in the XX century up to the level of quality of the new development.
As to form Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Bashkir, Kumyk, Nogai, Tatar and Kipchak written language` words were classified into chronologic-genetic aspect: • General Altaic layer of Turkic-Mongol and Tungus-Manchu language`s genealogic root • General Turkic layer with the common lexis • Old Lexics layer with the difference of Turkic nations` languages separately and ethnic, cultural root • Mutual layer with the connection of Turkic nation with other countries Lexis are the fastest acceptable part of social changes of the language, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Bashkir, Kumyk, Nogai and Tatar languages word values contain General Turkic layer word value. General Turkic lexical layer of Turkic languages, general Altaic layer and every Turkic language`s old lexical«bridge» function are changed in constructing the root in new words.
The result of the research suggested further development and study of material base and theory of large lingua groups belonging to Turkic language family, namely Bulgar, Karluk, Kipchak, Oguz and such sub-groups as Oguz-Selzhuk, Kipchak-Oguz, Kipchak-Nogai and Kyrgyz-Kipchak their comparativehistorical and other characteristic features necessary for further research, theory courses and seminars on modern Turkic languages.