Processes of Acculturation Khakases (Indigenous People of Southern Siberia), Living Outside of the Khakassia in the Urban and Student Environment

Corresponding Author: Natalia Koptseva, 1Department of Cultural Studies, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia E-mail: decanka@mail.ru Abstract: This article represents an applied research to form principles of state and regional policy preserve the unique culture of Khakassia-the indigenous people of Southern Siberia (Russia). Presents the results of sociological research strategy of acculturation Khakases who live in the urban and students living environment of the city of Krasnoyarsk (Siberia, Russia). The basic approach of this study is a combination of the scientific problems of theoretical ideas J. Berri about the kinds of strategies of acculturation and sociological survey among the students who have Khakassia origin, to find out which strategy is dominated by acculturation: Assimilation, separation, integration and marginalization. Important variables that we measured and controlled are the content of ethnic identity of students who were born and raised in Khakassia, they are ethnic Khakasses, but they are university students in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, where live and study Russian and the main language is Russian. Underlining that the main strategy of acculturation young Khakases in the Krasnoyarsk-is the strategy of assimilation. The conclusions of the study are based on the discussion of the results of sociological and cultural studies Khakasian ethnic and cultural groups in 2014.


Iintroduction
secured in a cross-cultural research, the concept of 'acculturation' (Berry et al., 2002), a lot of research, where this concept has proved extremely popular. Acculturation processes are closely related to migration, they are of great importance for a modern economy (Rezaei, 2007;Ubonlert et al., 2009). The study of acculturation strategies necessary for understanding the basic rituals of social life in traditional (non-industrial) societies, for the study of social movements in different countries (Phukhronghin et al., 2010;Thongwol et al., 2010;Simvised et al., 2008). The social life of the indigenous peoples of the world is the most important issue of many modern scientific fields (Ward, 2011;Zare et al., 2008;Chaiyatorn et al., 2010). Of particular importance are the processes of acculturation in societies where living together three or more ethnic and cultural groups.
Post-Soviet Russia is precisely this type of society. In every region of Russia live together a multitude of ethnic groups. Interethnic relations are of great importance for modern Russia. A large number of ethnic groups are living in Siberia. Interethnic relations in modern Siberia represent Cathedral choice of acculturation strategies in different ethnic groups. One of the largest multi-ethnic regions of Siberia is the Krasnoyarsk region.
Relevance of the proposed research is that due to the historical conditions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory has always been kind of the epicenter of interethnic interactions. Acculturation processes in modern Siberia do not always have a positive outcome. Interethnic relations have sometimes a conflictual development. Research makes the prevention of interethnic conflicts. Interethnic relations in modern Siberia reflect the total situation in post-Soviet Russia.
In the Krasnoyarsk region according to All-Russian census 2010 inhabited by 136 ethnic groups. Ethnic groups, inhabiting the territory of Krasnoyarsk region, for several centuries created its industrial, intellectual and cultural potential. Factor of interethnic accord is an important prerequisite for the development of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, maintaining social, political and economic stability.
Historically formed ethno-cultural space of the Krasnoyarsk Territory has specific features, which cause many ethnic and cultural groups living on its territory, including indigenous peoples. Khakases (ethnonym: Skhakastar, tadar, hooray) are an indigenous people the Southern Siberia Russian Federation. The principal place of compact residence of Khakases is the Republic of Khakassia in which Khakases has about 65,400. In addition, they inhabit the neighboring regions, which are home to about 4,500, including the Republic of Tuva and Krasnoyarsk live Khakases 1, 2 thousand.
The Republic of Khakassia cooperates with the Krasnoyarsk region as an autonomous territorial entity. It is known that in the Krasnoyarsk region is home to about 4500 Khakases that is a consequence of employment or educational migration. In the city of Krasnoyarsk are formed youth ethnic and cultural group of Khakassia, which has its public organization 'NAA TAN'. This organization has been around for several years and has been organizing social and cultural activities to unite Khakasian youth, cohesion and cultural development, conservation Khakasian traditions outside the Republic of Khakassia. During the work, the organization has conducted numerous socio-cultural activities for young people, the most important of which are traditional holidays Chyl Grooves (celebration of the New Year according to the lunar calendar), Tun-Pyro (holiday Khakasian pastoralists, which is held in late May), as well as activities such as 'Miss Asia-Siberia', etc. In early June of this year, the organization plans to hold an event for youth Khakasian 'Interzemlyachestvo'. Since 1990, the Krasnoyarsk`s Khakassia Public Association was converted in 1996 in Khakassia National Cultural Center, which was a part formed in the same year as Interethnic Cultural Center.
Despite the fact that young workers and students who came to Krasnoyarsk from Khakassia, created ethnic and cultural community organizations, municipal and student environment change their attitude towards their own ethnic and cultural group. Acculturation strategies, which are selected young Khakases Krasnoyarsk are changed. Modern urban and student environment affects the choice of acculturation strategies of young Khakases. The process of ethnogenesis Khakases has specificity for Khakasian youngsters who became students in Krasnoyarsk.
The purpose of this study has to figure out the specifics of this. Many researchers believe that modern Khakassia have a tendency to separatism. However, they do not take into account the processes of urbanization and processes that change in the ethnic identity in the student and urban environment.

Materials and Methods
Modern cultural studies uses interdisciplinary methods .This study was conducted at the intersection of sociology, ethnology, political science. Dominant sociological research methods were methods that seek to identify the principles of behavior of social groups (in this case, ethnic and cultural groups) and methods of regulating this behavior. The possibilities of using sociological methods for cultural studies have been demonstrated in a number of specific works. In modern cultural studies scholars actively apply the following sociological methods: Sociological observations with subsequent interpretation of empirical (Giddens, 1991;Radugin and Radugin, 1999). The sociological survey method is the most popular method and is widely used in cross-cultural studies (Osgood, 1988;Korotaev, 1994).
In the Siberian Federal University since 2010 constantly researching processes of ethnic identification of indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia (Koptseva, 2013;Kirko et al., 2012;Koptseva and Kirko, 2014a;2014b;Reznikova, 2013;Semenova, 2010;Nevolko, 2012;Krivonogov, 2013a;Makarov, 2013;Luzan, 2011;Batashev, 2013;Prathumnet, 2011;Prathumnet et al., 2010). The basic method is fieldwork and subsequent analysis of the results of field studies During the field research methods are applied social and cultural sciences. Study of the processes of ethnic identity of indigenous peoples is very important to assist indigenous peoples to adapt to modern society. The State Policy of Russia has regulations (including Federal Laws) that require public authorities to assist in the preservation of the unique culture of indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia. Research helps clarify the specifics of processes of ethnic identification of indigenous peoples, indicate 'weak points' in the State and Regional Policy.
In this study the survey method was used as a kind of a sociological survey. This method is relevant not only because it greatly reduces the time of the study, but also allows mobile work with the same data. The structure of sociological questionnaire consists of demographic questionnaire, brief instructions for use of the questionnaire and of the questionnaire (Table 1). Survey process includes a number of provisions: • Greeting and a short message to the respondent future research objectives • Direct questioning of respondents with associated commentary questions (on demand) • Processing of the results of the questionnaire • Interpretation of the data Profile of a poll on the topic: 'Inter-ethnic relations in the territory of the united Krasnoyarsk Territory' Dear participant! It is sociological questionnaire. Its purpose-research. We ask you to participate in this research study and help us to jointly address pressing problems of intercultural relations (participation anonymous).
The study was conducted in March 2014 in the city of Krasnoyarsk. Respondents were members of the youth Khakasian ethnic and cultural groups residing in the city. Subject of research-of young Khakases acculturation processes (cross-cultural and inter-ethnic relations) in the city of Krasnoyarsk. Purpose of the study was to obtain information about the sociological processes of acculturation as characteristic Khakasian ethnic and cultural groups in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Results
We can conclude that the basic strategy of acculturation, which selects the modern youth Khakases ethnic and cultural group-it is a strategy of assimilation. Below are findings which support this conclusion.
Currently in Krasnoyarsk are moderate migration processes Khakasian ethnic representatives that are characteristic of the youth subculture than for middleaged people. The sample survey has got 68 women and 42 men. Most of them have a 'student age' from 18 to 25 years (79 people). About 21 people work in the city of Krasnoyarsk, their ages ranging from 26 to 30 years.
On the first question about the conduct of inter-ethnic policy in the Krasnoyarsk region the majority of respondents replied that this policy is not carried out (35%), many find it difficult to answer (20%), some have noted that there are attempts (10%), not many have heard about the fact that this policy really is (15%). Of the public authorities of the Krasnoyarsk region, which implement cultural policy in the field of interethnic relations respondents, of proposed alternatives, noted the Ministry of culture of Krasnoyarsk region (32%), the Agency on Affairs of the North and support of indigenous peoples (15%). Young people are also convinced that such a policy is conducted and private organizations of the Krasnoyarsk region (25%), 20% believe that there are attempts, 10% believe that not carried out and 35% found it difficult to answer. Such organizations respondents include trade organization (35%), recreational facilities (20%) and educational institutions (15%). The answer is 'available' replied 10% of respondents.
On the issue of interaction with representatives of other nationalities, the majority of respondents said that they do not interact (50%), interact regularly-25% and rarely-5%. On the question of the events that organize regional and municipal authorities, 65% noted that 'not invited' and invite quite rare-5%. In Krasnoyarsk region by the efforts of the state and various public ethnocultural organizations are ethnic cultural celebrations. In this regard, the young people state that national holidays they like (75%), rarely like (12%),'t like them (10%), 10% do not attend such events. However, most respondents indicated that they did not attend the event of other ethno-cultural groups (75%) or are of such events are quite rare (25%).
On the issue of the type of settlement, inhabited by the respondents, the majority of respondents mentioned cities with the population over 100 thousand people (85%). For assistance in organizing their national activities in the state bodies 61% did not appeal, some believe that it is useless to 34 and 4% go for help in conducting national-cultural activities in the public authorities of the Krasnoyarsk territory. This is a small percentage of 'collaborating' with the power structures are the staffs of the Youth Khakasian organization 'NAA TAN', which actively carry out and organize the Khakasian ethnic holidays in the city of Krasnoyarsk.
Many young people have a positive attitude to their ethnic celebrations were attended by the delegations of other ethno-cultural groups (65%), neutral viewpoint (15%). But not one Respondent did not answer that applies to this presence in the negative.Representatives of youth Khakases ethnic and cultural groups point out the following national autonomy with which they have the most friendly relations: Armenian (75%), Kyrgyz (2%); Azerbaijan (3 %); China (1%); Tatar (10%); no such relations (10%).
Russian ethno-cultural group Khakases young people do not consider 'foreign' or independent ethno-cultural group. However, among the Khakases youth there is a saying 'we among strangers, a stranger among us', who means that the difference between the Russians and the Khakasian ethnic groups, they do not see, if not to take into account the traditional ethno-cultural traditions.
The phrase 'ethnic cultural cooperation' respondents understand interchange (13%), but most of them find it difficult to answer (87%).
On the issue of social control of modern ethnic and cultural processes the majority of respondents indicated the answer "should not be regulated" (72%), 26% believe that control efforts should be focused on developing a common culture, 2% believe that efforts should be directed towards the adoption of other cultural traditions.
Abour 47% of young people say that for the Krasnoyarsk region not common practice prejudice to national groups, the remaining 63% of respondents did not answer this question.
The final question of the nature of ethno-cultural relations in the Krasnoyarsk region the respondents said that the atmosphere of interethnic relations in the region, at present, positive-73%, unstable-19%, no answer-4%.

Discussion
Research of processes of acculturation Khakases, living in the Krasnoyarsk Region, revealed that the main strategy of acculturation for this people is assimilation.   Belozerova (2008), which believes that the peoples of southern Siberia constantly show a desire to separatism and choose strategy of acculturation is separation. Belozerova (2008) argues that the processes of separatism can be open or latent character. Stabilization of the socio-economic and socio-cultural processes at the end of XX-beginning of XXI century leads to the fact that the strategy of separation is replaced by a strategy of assimilation. Krivonogov (1997) argued that in the end of XX century the Khakases was no generic-consciousness, he noted that the process of ethnic identification moved into the sphere of culture and art, and that further development of ethnogenesis will show, what the significance of Khakasian ethnic art for ethnogenesis is. The study Krivonogov (2013b)  Krivonogov shows that ethnic identification modern Khakases inextricably linked with the processes of development of Khakasian language. But these processes are insufficient and also confirm the findings of our study are that the strategy of assimilation prevails for Khakases. Sokolovsky (2008) believes that although Khakases are an indigenous people of Siberia, but their economic well-being depends on the economy, which is associated with the Russian population of Siberia. Consequently, the strategy of assimilation must be reinforced over time. Our study extends the findings that made Sokolovsky (2008). Inkizhekova (2010) concludes that the strategy of acculturation Khakases currently defined actions ethnic elites Khakases. It Khakasian elite (entrepreneurs and intellectuals) have taken a lot of effort into the processes of ethnic identity of Khakases should connect with the strategy of separation. In our study involved Khakases, which had not experienced the active influence of Khakasian elites. Therefore, we can refine the conclusion of the Inkizhekova (2010). If Khakases not have direct influence of ethnic and political elites, they choose the strategy of assimilation. Strategy separation inherent Khakasian elites, but not all, Khakases. Kolchikova (2012) explores the features of ethnic identity at Khakases students. She concludes that belonging to Khakassia causes more negative emotions of students than belonging to a Russian. Conclusion by (Kolchikova, 2012) confirmed by our research: Students Khakases seek assimilation rather than separation. Nevolko (2011) conducted a study of art processes, characteristic of modern Khakasian masters. She concluded that the processes of ethnic identity in modern Khakases more associated with the visual arts and creative writing. Ethnic identification Khakases has no support in modern Russian economy and politics. This study confirms the findings indirectly (Koptseva and Seredkina, 2013) that the strategy of separation is not characteristic of modern Khakassia, the processes of ethnic identity Khakases are virtual. Tkachenko (2014) suggests that modern Khakassia chosen strategy of separation because they appreciate the traditional culture of their ancestors. Tkachenko (2014) in her study said that the study was conducted in rural areas in the school environment. Consequently, our study adds to research of (Tkachenko 2014), as our informants-are urban residents, students who are urbanized lifestyle.

Conclusion
The results show that the members of the youth group Khakases migrate to the city of Krasnoyarsk and prerequisites for to perform migration, first of all is receive education and work. Krasnoyarsk attracts by Khakases youth in cultural space, availability of 'entertainment centers'. The majority of representatives of youth Khakases group answered that they do not see differences in the choice of their place of residence between Krasnoyarsk or Abakan (the capital of the Republic of Khakassia). It also confirms the thesis that in the process of adaptation of Khakases ethnic group chooses the most convenient strategy of assimilation.
The result of this strategy, obviously traced in everyday culture of modern Khakases. Gradually disappears traditional culture of Khakassia ethnos. This trend is worrying young representatives of the Khakases ethnic and cultural groups, who say that their ethnic culture needs to preserve, develop and maintain. However, the mechanisms for this support they do not know.
Future research areas related to the study of changes in self-identification of students who belong to ethnic and cultural groups of the Yakuts, Evenki, Nenets-Siberian Arctic indigenous peoples who live and study in the universities of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The results of these studies will be used to develop advanced technologies in higher education, the adaptation of indigenous peoples of the Siberian Arctic for urban life, the theory of ethnic pedagogy in higher education of Russia.
Research is limited to the study of processes of selfidentification of indigenous peoples in the first third of the 21st century and the study of the choice of acculturation strategies for students who come from the indigenous peoples of the Siberian Arctic.